Gennaro CUCCURULLO | FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS AND HEATING PLANTS

cod. 0612100051

FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS AND HEATING PLANTS

	0612100051
	DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
	EQF6
	BSC DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
	2020/2021

PERCORSO COMUNE

	YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2018
	PRIMO SEMESTRE

TEACHING UNITS

	SSD	CFU	HOURS	ACTIVITY	TYPE OF ACTIVITY
	ING-IND/11	6	60	LESSONS	COMPULSORY SUBJECTS, CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CLASS

	Objectives
	EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES AND COMPETENCE TO BE ACQUIRED: Knowledge of the main concepts related to thermodynamics and energy conversion systems, finalizing, in particular, the learning to describe and understand the elements characterizing civil heating systems, both with reference to the design aspects and those in the field. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: Knowledge of the terminology and fundamental concepts of basic thermodynamics (i and ii law of thermodynamics) and of the notions of applied thermodynamics of interest for the specific degree course, with particular regard to the study of motor and operator thermal components and systems (heat pump and refrigeration machine) and thermotechnics. ABILITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: Know how to design and verify, in the light of the current regulatory framework, the system appropriately characterized according to economic, regulatory, architectural, "comfort" and "energy saving" constraints. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT: Know how to use the basic knowledge of thermodynamics in order to subsequently specialize it in purely applicative areas, in particular in order to conduct an appropriate design of thermotechnical systems. Acquire an advanced ability to optimize and solve complex problems by applying mass energy entropy balances to systems of engineering interest. COMMUNICATION SKILLS: Know how to define and present orally the objectives to be achieved with the installation ABILITY TO LEARN: Knowing how to independently characterize the operation of plants of different sizes and types, adapting naturally to implement the regulatory, technological and technical developments that will inevitably involve the plants in question.

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES AND COMPETENCE TO BE ACQUIRED:
Knowledge of the main concepts related to thermodynamics and energy conversion systems, finalizing, in particular, the learning to describe and understand the elements characterizing civil heating systems, both with reference to the design aspects and those in the field.
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:
Knowledge of the terminology and fundamental concepts of basic thermodynamics (i and ii law of thermodynamics) and of the notions of applied thermodynamics of interest for the specific degree course, with particular regard to the study of motor and operator thermal components and systems (heat pump and refrigeration machine) and thermotechnics.
ABILITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:
Know how to design and verify, in the light of the current regulatory framework, the system appropriately characterized according to economic, regulatory, architectural, "comfort" and "energy saving" constraints.
AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT:
Know how to use the basic knowledge of thermodynamics in order to subsequently specialize it in purely applicative areas, in particular in order to conduct an appropriate design of thermotechnical systems. Acquire an advanced ability to optimize and solve complex problems by applying mass energy entropy balances to systems of engineering interest.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS:
Know how to define and present orally the objectives to be achieved with the installation
ABILITY TO LEARN:
Knowing how to independently characterize the operation of plants of different sizes and types, adapting naturally to implement the regulatory, technological and technical developments that will inevitably involve the plants in question.

	Prerequisites
	FOR THE SUCCESSFUL ACHIEVEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES, THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BASIC NOTIONS AS GIVEN IN THE FIRST YEAR COURSES OF MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS, IS REQUIRED.

	Contents
	THERMODYNAMICS BASIC CONCEPTS (3 H) - SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENT. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES. THERMODYNAMIC STATE. SIMPLE AND COMPRESSIBLEE SYSTEM. THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM. ALMOST STATIC AND CYCLE TRANSFORMATIONS. ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS (5 H) - ENERGY POSTULATE. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR ISOLATED SYSTEMS. MEASURABILITY AND CONTROLLABILITY OF ENERGY. OTHER FORMULATIONS OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM. LIMITS OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS (15 H) - ENTROPY POSTULATE. ENTROPY PROPERTIES. REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR ISOLATED SYSTEMS. MEASURABILITY OF ENTROPY. GIBBS EQUATIONS. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS. INEQUALITY OF CLAUSIUS. VOLUME CHANGE WORK. SPECIFIC HEAT. ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS. DIRECT AND REVERSE CARNOT CYCLES. GENERAL LAWS OF OPEN SYSTEMS (7 H) - CONTINUITY EQUATION OF THE MASS. I AND II LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION. STATES THERMODYNAMICS (10 H) - PHASE IDENTIFICATION. THERMODYNAMIC PLANS. LIQUIDS, SOLIDS, STEAM AND GAS: MODELS, CALCULATION OF THE PROPERTIES AND TRANSFORMATIONS. HEATING PLANTS (20 H) - COMPONENTS OF PLANTS. FEATURES, DESIGN ELEMENTS. HEAT TRANSFER INTRODUCTION (2H) BASIC MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER THE RELATION OF HEAT TRANSFER TO THERMODYNAMICS THE OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE. CONSTITUTIVE AND BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSFER. STEADY 1D CONDUCTION (10 H) - THE CONDUCTION EQUATION. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION IN SIMPLE GEOMETRIES FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS PROBLEMS. EXTENDED SURFACES UNSTEADY HEAT CONDUCTION (10 H) LUMPED AND SEMI-INFINITE BODY. OSCILLATING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE SLAB, HEISLER CHARTS. CONVECTION (20 H) - ANALYSIS OF CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER. DIMENSIONLESS BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS AND SIMILARITY PARAMETERS. PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING THE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT. FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE TUBES. BULK TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FON INTERNAL CONVECTION. THE SIMPLIFICATIONS OF THE FULLY DEVELOPED REGIONS. RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER (18) - THERMAL RADIATION: SPECTRAL AND DIRECTIONAL FEATURES. INTENSITY OF THE RADIATION FOR CALCULATING THE RADIATIVE HEAT FLUXES. BLACKBODY RADIATION. RADIATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPAQUE SURFACES: EMISSION - ABSORPTION - REFLECTION, DEFINITIONS AND MODELS. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EMISSION, ABSORPTION AND REFLECTION. SPECIAL SURFACES. HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN DIFFUSE GRAY SURFACES.

Contents

THERMODYNAMICS
BASIC CONCEPTS (3 H) - SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENT. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES. THERMODYNAMIC STATE. SIMPLE AND COMPRESSIBLEE SYSTEM. THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM. ALMOST STATIC AND CYCLE TRANSFORMATIONS. ENERGY, WORK AND HEAT.
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS (5 H) - ENERGY POSTULATE. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR ISOLATED SYSTEMS. MEASURABILITY AND CONTROLLABILITY OF ENERGY. OTHER FORMULATIONS OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM. LIMITS OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS (15 H) - ENTROPY POSTULATE. ENTROPY PROPERTIES. REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR ISOLATED SYSTEMS. MEASURABILITY OF ENTROPY. GIBBS EQUATIONS. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS. INEQUALITY OF CLAUSIUS. VOLUME CHANGE WORK. SPECIFIC HEAT. ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS. DIRECT AND REVERSE CARNOT CYCLES.
GENERAL LAWS OF OPEN SYSTEMS (7 H) - CONTINUITY EQUATION OF THE MASS. I AND II LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION.
STATES THERMODYNAMICS (10 H) - PHASE IDENTIFICATION. THERMODYNAMIC PLANS. LIQUIDS, SOLIDS, STEAM AND GAS: MODELS, CALCULATION OF THE PROPERTIES AND TRANSFORMATIONS.
HEATING PLANTS (20 H) - COMPONENTS OF PLANTS. FEATURES, DESIGN ELEMENTS.

HEAT TRANSFER
INTRODUCTION (2H)
BASIC MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
THE RELATION OF HEAT TRANSFER TO THERMODYNAMICS
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE. CONSTITUTIVE AND BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSFER.
STEADY 1D CONDUCTION (10 H) - THE CONDUCTION EQUATION. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION IN SIMPLE GEOMETRIES FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS PROBLEMS. EXTENDED SURFACES
UNSTEADY HEAT CONDUCTION (10 H) LUMPED AND SEMI-INFINITE BODY. OSCILLATING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE SLAB, HEISLER CHARTS.
CONVECTION (20 H) - ANALYSIS OF CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER. DIMENSIONLESS BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS AND SIMILARITY PARAMETERS. PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING THE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT. FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE TUBES. BULK TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FON INTERNAL CONVECTION. THE SIMPLIFICATIONS OF THE FULLY DEVELOPED REGIONS.
RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER (18) - THERMAL RADIATION: SPECTRAL AND DIRECTIONAL FEATURES. INTENSITY OF THE RADIATION FOR CALCULATING THE RADIATIVE HEAT FLUXES. BLACKBODY RADIATION. RADIATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPAQUE SURFACES: EMISSION - ABSORPTION - REFLECTION, DEFINITIONS AND MODELS. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EMISSION, ABSORPTION AND REFLECTION. SPECIAL SURFACES. HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN DIFFUSE GRAY SURFACES.

	Teaching Methods
	THE COURSE (WEIGHTING 6 CFU) INCLUDES 60 HOURS OF ASSISTED DIDACTICS, ARRANGED IN 40 HOURS OF FRONTAL THEORETICAL LESSONS AND 20 HOURS OF CLASSROOM EXERCISES. NUMERICAL EXERCISES SUITABLY SELECTED ARE ASSIGNED TO STUDENTS WITH THE PURPOSE OF DEEPENING THE CONCEPTS CONCERNING THERMODYNAMICS AND HEATING PLANTS. DURING THE EXERCISES, THE TEACHER ASSISTS THE STUDENTS WITH THE PURPOSE OF DEVELOPING AND STRENGTHENING THEIR ABILITY IN ADDRESSING THE APPLICATION WHILE RECALLING THE SUBTENDED THEORETICAL CONCEPTS.

Teaching Methods

THE COURSE (WEIGHTING 6 CFU) INCLUDES 60 HOURS OF ASSISTED DIDACTICS, ARRANGED IN 40 HOURS OF FRONTAL THEORETICAL LESSONS AND 20 HOURS OF CLASSROOM EXERCISES. NUMERICAL EXERCISES SUITABLY SELECTED ARE ASSIGNED TO STUDENTS WITH THE PURPOSE OF DEEPENING THE CONCEPTS CONCERNING THERMODYNAMICS AND HEATING PLANTS. DURING THE EXERCISES, THE TEACHER ASSISTS THE STUDENTS WITH THE PURPOSE OF DEVELOPING AND STRENGTHENING THEIR ABILITY IN ADDRESSING THE APPLICATION WHILE RECALLING THE SUBTENDED THEORETICAL CONCEPTS.

	Verification of learning
	THE LEVEL OF ACHIEVEMENT OF TEACHING OBJECTIVES IS CERTIFIED BY PASSING AN EXAM WITH ASSESSMENT IN 30TH. STUDENTS MUST TAKE THE EXAM BOTH IN WRITTEN AND ORAL FORM. TO ACCESS TO THE ORAL TEST, STUDENTS MUST PASS THE WRITTEN TEST WITH A MINIMUM RATING OF 18/30. THE SCORE OF THE WRITTEN TEST IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES (S,M,B,O). THE RESULTS OF THE WRITTEN TEST ARE AVAILABLE ON THE WEB PAGES OF THE PROFESSOR AND THE ORAL EXAMS WILL BE HELD ON AVERAGE AT SEVEN DAYS DISTANCE FROM THE WRITTEN TEST. THE PURPOSE OF THE WRITTEN TEST IS TO ASSESS THE STUDENT'S OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES IN ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY SYSTEMS. THE WRITTEN TEST INCLUDES ONE OR TWO EXERCISES, TO BE CARRIED OUT IN 2 HOURS. EXERCISES MAY CONCERN THE THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CLOSED OR OPEN SYSTEMS OR HEATING PLANTS. THE FOLLOWING CALCULATIONS CAN BE REQUESTED: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL POWER, THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY, INTERNAL, EXTERNAL AND GLOBAL ENTROPIC PRODUCTION. FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE EXERCISES IT IS NECESSARY TO USE COMPLEMENTARY DIDACTIC MATERIAL (FORMULAS, DIAGRAMS, TABLES) AVAILABLE ON TEXT OR WEBSITE OF PROF. CUCCURULLO. THE ORAL TEST IS INTENDED TO DEEPEN THE LEVEL OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE, THE AUTONOMY OF ANALYSIS AND JUDGMENT, AS WELL AS THE STUDENT'S EXPOSITIVE CAPABILITIES. DURING THE ORAL EXAMINATION OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS, QUESTIONS MAY BE ASKED ABOUT: THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEMS, THE MAIN MODELS OF THERMODYNAMICS OF THE STATES, IDEAL AND REAL WORKING CYCLES, THE PROPERTIES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF MOIST AIR. DURING THE ORAL EXAMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER, QUESTIONS MAY BE ASKED ABOUT ALL THE PLANNED TOPICS. THE MINIMUM LEVEL OF EVALUATION (18/30) IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE STUDENT SHOWS A LIMITED KNOWLEDGE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER, AS WELL AS LOW EXPOSURE CAPABILITY. THE MAXIMUM LEVEL (30/30) IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE STUDENT SHOWS A COMPLETE AND IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE ABOVE ARGUMENTS AND METHODS AND IS ABLE TO SOLVE THE PROPOSED PROBLEMS BY ADOPTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE APPROACH. THE FINAL VOTE IS OBTAINED AS THE AVERAGE OF THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN WRITTEN AND ORAL TESTS. HONORS ARE ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE CANDIDATE EXHIBITS HIGH-LEVEL THEORETICAL AND OPERATIVE SKILLS, AS WELL AS GOOD COMMUNICATION AND AUTONOMOUS PROCESSING CAPABILITIES, EVEN IN AREAS OTHER THAN THOSE PROPOSED BY THE PROFESSORS.

Verification of learning

THE LEVEL OF ACHIEVEMENT OF TEACHING OBJECTIVES IS CERTIFIED BY PASSING AN EXAM WITH ASSESSMENT IN 30TH. STUDENTS MUST TAKE THE EXAM BOTH IN WRITTEN AND ORAL FORM.
TO ACCESS TO THE ORAL TEST, STUDENTS MUST PASS THE WRITTEN TEST WITH A MINIMUM RATING OF 18/30. THE SCORE OF THE WRITTEN TEST IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES (S,M,B,O). THE RESULTS OF THE WRITTEN TEST ARE AVAILABLE ON THE WEB PAGES OF THE PROFESSOR AND THE ORAL EXAMS WILL BE HELD ON AVERAGE AT SEVEN DAYS DISTANCE FROM THE WRITTEN TEST.
THE PURPOSE OF THE WRITTEN TEST IS TO ASSESS THE STUDENT'S OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES IN ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY SYSTEMS.
THE WRITTEN TEST INCLUDES ONE OR TWO EXERCISES, TO BE CARRIED OUT IN 2 HOURS. EXERCISES MAY CONCERN THE THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CLOSED OR OPEN SYSTEMS OR HEATING PLANTS.
THE FOLLOWING CALCULATIONS CAN BE REQUESTED: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL POWER, THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY, INTERNAL, EXTERNAL AND GLOBAL ENTROPIC PRODUCTION.
FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE EXERCISES IT IS NECESSARY TO USE COMPLEMENTARY DIDACTIC MATERIAL (FORMULAS, DIAGRAMS, TABLES) AVAILABLE ON TEXT OR WEBSITE OF PROF. CUCCURULLO.
THE ORAL TEST IS INTENDED TO DEEPEN THE LEVEL OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE, THE AUTONOMY OF ANALYSIS AND JUDGMENT, AS WELL AS THE STUDENT'S EXPOSITIVE CAPABILITIES.
DURING THE ORAL EXAMINATION OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS, QUESTIONS MAY BE ASKED ABOUT: THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEMS, THE MAIN MODELS OF THERMODYNAMICS OF THE STATES, IDEAL AND REAL WORKING CYCLES, THE PROPERTIES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF MOIST AIR.
DURING THE ORAL EXAMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER, QUESTIONS MAY BE ASKED ABOUT ALL THE PLANNED TOPICS.
THE MINIMUM LEVEL OF EVALUATION (18/30) IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE STUDENT SHOWS A LIMITED KNOWLEDGE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER, AS WELL AS LOW EXPOSURE CAPABILITY.
THE MAXIMUM LEVEL (30/30) IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE STUDENT SHOWS A COMPLETE AND IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE ABOVE ARGUMENTS AND METHODS AND IS ABLE TO SOLVE THE PROPOSED PROBLEMS BY ADOPTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE APPROACH.
THE FINAL VOTE IS OBTAINED AS THE AVERAGE OF THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN WRITTEN AND ORAL TESTS.
HONORS ARE ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE CANDIDATE EXHIBITS HIGH-LEVEL THEORETICAL AND OPERATIVE SKILLS, AS WELL AS GOOD COMMUNICATION AND AUTONOMOUS PROCESSING CAPABILITIES, EVEN IN AREAS OTHER THAN THOSE PROPOSED BY THE PROFESSORS.

	Texts
	G. CUCCURULLO, ELEMENTI DI TERMODINAMÍCA E TRASMISSIONE DEL CALORE, MAGGIOLI, 2016. FOR FURTHER READINGS: MORAN, SHAPIRO, MUNSON, DEWITT. ELEMENTI DI FISICA TECNICA PER L'INGEGNERIA, MCGRAW-HILL. EXERCISES ARE AVAILABLE ON THE WEBSITE WWW.RINOCUCCURULLO.COM. SLIDES, EXAMINATION TESTS, VIDEO LESSONS, GUIDED EXERCISES AND FURTHER INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND TOO.

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Gennaro CUCCURULLO | FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS AND HEATING PLANTS