Vincenzo TUCCI | ELECTROTECHNICS

cod. 0612400008

ELECTROTECHNICS

	0612400008
	DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
	EQF6
	ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
	2024/2025

PERCORSO IN COMMON

	OBBLIGATORIO
	YEAR OF COURSE 1
	YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2018
	SPRING SEMESTER

TEACHING UNITS

	SSD	CFU	HOURS	ACTIVITY	TYPE OF ACTIVITY
	ING-IND/31	9	90	LESSONS	SUPPLEMENTARY COMPULSORY SUBJECTS

PROFESSORS

	VINCENZO TUCCI T Curriculum
	NICOLA FEMIA Curriculum

	Objectives
	THE COURSE PROVIDES THE BASIC METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS TO ANALYZE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS. IN PARTICULAR, LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT CIRCUITS ARE STUDIED IN STATIONARY CONDITIONS (DIRECT AND ALTERNATING SINUSOIDAL CURRENT). KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. AT THE END OF THE COURSE THE STUDENT WILL KNOW: - METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT (LTI) CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONE AND TWO-PORTS - CONSEQUENCES OF CIRCUIT LINEARITY: SUPERPOSITION, EQUIVALENT GENERATORS OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT - POWER AND ENERGY ADSORBED AND GENERATED; CONSERVATION PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL AND REAL POWER - ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF LINEAR TWO-PORTS WITH CONTROLLED GENERATORS - PHASOR METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS CONTAINING DYNAMIC COMPONENTS (INDUCTOR, CAPACITOR) WITH AC SOURCES. - TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER AUTONOMOUS AND NON AUTONOMOUS LINEAR CIRCUITS. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. AT THE END OF THIS COURSE, STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: • SOLVE FOR CURRENT, VOLTAGE, STORED ENERGY, AND POWER IN LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DC CIRCUITS USING THE FOLLOWING TECHNIQUES: KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT AND VOLTAGE LAWS, SUPERPOSITION, NODE VOLTAGE ANALYSIS, MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS, AND SOURCE TRANSFORMATIONS; • DETERMINE THEVENIN AND NORTON EQUIVALENT SOURCES; • ANALYZE AND DESIGN LINEAR TWO PORTS, INCLUDING CONTROLLED SOURCES; • CALCULATE VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER, AND ENERGY STORED IN LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT AC CIRCUITS BY EMPLOYING PHASORS. - PERFORM TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF AUTONOMOUS AND NON-AUTONOMOUS FIRST AND SECOND ORDER LINEAR CIRCUITS MAKING JUDGEMENTS. ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE METHODS TO ANALYZE LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT CIRCUITS. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. ABILITY TO DESCRIBE IN WRITTEN FORM AND PRESENT IN A CLEAR AND CONCISE WAY THE PROCESS AND RESULTS OF PERFORMED CALCULATIONS. LEARNING SKILLS. BEING ABLE TO APPLY THEIR KNOWLEDGE IN CONTEXTS DIFFERENT FROM THOSE PRESENTED DURING THE COURSE, AND DEEPEN THE TOPICS USING MATERIALS OTHER THAN THOSE PROPOSED.

THE COURSE PROVIDES THE BASIC METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS TO ANALYZE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS. IN PARTICULAR, LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT CIRCUITS ARE STUDIED IN STATIONARY CONDITIONS (DIRECT AND ALTERNATING SINUSOIDAL CURRENT).

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING.
AT THE END OF THE COURSE THE STUDENT WILL KNOW:
- METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT (LTI) CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONE AND TWO-PORTS
- CONSEQUENCES OF CIRCUIT LINEARITY: SUPERPOSITION, EQUIVALENT GENERATORS OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
- POWER AND ENERGY ADSORBED AND GENERATED;
CONSERVATION PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL AND REAL POWER
- ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF LINEAR TWO-PORTS WITH CONTROLLED GENERATORS
- PHASOR METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS CONTAINING DYNAMIC COMPONENTS (INDUCTOR, CAPACITOR) WITH AC SOURCES.
- TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER AUTONOMOUS AND NON AUTONOMOUS LINEAR CIRCUITS.

APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING.
AT THE END OF THIS COURSE, STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
• SOLVE FOR CURRENT, VOLTAGE, STORED ENERGY, AND POWER IN LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DC CIRCUITS USING THE FOLLOWING TECHNIQUES: KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT AND VOLTAGE LAWS, SUPERPOSITION, NODE VOLTAGE ANALYSIS, MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS, AND SOURCE TRANSFORMATIONS;
• DETERMINE THEVENIN AND NORTON EQUIVALENT SOURCES;
• ANALYZE AND DESIGN LINEAR TWO PORTS, INCLUDING CONTROLLED SOURCES;
• CALCULATE VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER, AND ENERGY STORED IN LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT AC CIRCUITS BY EMPLOYING PHASORS.
- PERFORM TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF AUTONOMOUS AND NON-AUTONOMOUS FIRST AND SECOND ORDER LINEAR CIRCUITS

MAKING JUDGEMENTS.
ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE METHODS TO ANALYZE LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT CIRCUITS.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS.
ABILITY TO DESCRIBE IN WRITTEN FORM AND PRESENT IN A CLEAR AND CONCISE WAY THE PROCESS AND RESULTS OF PERFORMED CALCULATIONS.

LEARNING SKILLS.
BEING ABLE TO APPLY THEIR KNOWLEDGE IN CONTEXTS DIFFERENT FROM THOSE PRESENTED DURING THE COURSE, AND DEEPEN THE TOPICS USING MATERIALS OTHER THAN THOSE PROPOSED.

	Prerequisites
	PREREQUISITES ARE: - KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE SOLUTION OF SYSTEMS OF OF ALGEBRAIC LINEAR EQUATIONS - KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE SOLUTION OF SYSTEMS OF OF ALGEBRAIC LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE FIRST ORDER - OPERATION ON COMPLEX NUMBERS - PROPERTIES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

	Contents
	FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS (LECTURES: 5H; EXERCISE 0H) STRUCTURE OF MATTER AND ELECTRICAL CHARGE. CONSERVATION LAW. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS FOR ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT. IDEAL VOLTMETER AND AMMETER. COMPONENTS: ONE PORT, MULTI PORT. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS. CONVENTIONS. ELEMENTS OF GRAPH THEORY CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS (LECTURES: 8H; EXERCISE 2H) STATIC AND DYNAMIC, LINEARITY, TIME INVARIANCE. EQUIVALENCE: SERIES AND PARALLEL. CURRENT AND VOLTAGE DIVIDERS. POWER ABSORBED AND GENERATED BY AN ELEMENT. ENERGY. TELLEGEN'S THEOREM. CIRCUITS AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS (LECTURES: 10H; EXERCISE 10H) FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION SYSTEM OF A CIRCUIT. LINEAR SYSTEMS. SOLUTION METHODS: SUPERPOSITION, REPLACEMENT. METHODS OF NODE POTENTIAL AND MESH CURRENTS. (10H).CONSEQUENCES OF LINEARITY: THEVENIN AND NORTON EQUIVALENT GENERATORS. LINEAR TWO-PORTS. (LECTURES: 8H; EXERCISE 7H) CHARACTERIZATION WITH MATRIX OF CONDUCTANCES, RESISTANCES, HYBRID AND TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS. TWO-PORT CONNECTIONS. POWER. VOLTAGE- AND CURRENT-CONTROLLED LINEAR SOURCES. CIRCUITS IN SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE (LECTURES: 10H; EXERCISE 10H) CIRCUITS CONTAINING DYNAMIC COMPONENTS: TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND STEADY-STATE. SINUSOIDAL (AC) GENERATORS. USE THE PHASOR METHOD. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS IN SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE. EQUIVALENT GENERATORS. POWER IN SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE. REACTIVE LOADS. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION. LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT CIRCUITS IN DYNAMIC CONDITIONS (HOURS LESS. 8; WORKING HOURS 7; HOURS LAB. 5) CIRCUITS OF THE 1ST AND 2ND ORDER. ZERO INPUT AND ZERO STATE RESPONSE. STATE VARIABLES AND THEIR CONTINUITY. DIRAC STEP AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS. INTEGRAL CONVOLUTION. CALCULATION OF THE IMPULSIVE RESPONSE. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC CIRCUITS.

Contents

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS (LECTURES: 5H; EXERCISE 0H)
STRUCTURE OF MATTER AND ELECTRICAL CHARGE. CONSERVATION LAW. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS FOR ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT. IDEAL VOLTMETER AND AMMETER. COMPONENTS: ONE PORT, MULTI PORT. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS. CONVENTIONS. ELEMENTS OF GRAPH THEORY

CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS (LECTURES: 8H; EXERCISE 2H)
STATIC AND DYNAMIC, LINEARITY, TIME INVARIANCE. EQUIVALENCE: SERIES AND PARALLEL. CURRENT AND VOLTAGE DIVIDERS. POWER ABSORBED AND GENERATED BY AN ELEMENT. ENERGY. TELLEGEN'S THEOREM.

CIRCUITS AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS (LECTURES: 10H; EXERCISE 10H)
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION SYSTEM OF A CIRCUIT. LINEAR SYSTEMS. SOLUTION METHODS: SUPERPOSITION, REPLACEMENT. METHODS OF NODE POTENTIAL AND MESH CURRENTS. (10H).CONSEQUENCES OF LINEARITY: THEVENIN AND NORTON EQUIVALENT GENERATORS.

LINEAR TWO-PORTS. (LECTURES: 8H; EXERCISE 7H)
CHARACTERIZATION WITH MATRIX OF CONDUCTANCES, RESISTANCES, HYBRID AND TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS. TWO-PORT CONNECTIONS. POWER. VOLTAGE- AND CURRENT-CONTROLLED LINEAR SOURCES.

CIRCUITS IN SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE (LECTURES: 10H; EXERCISE 10H)
CIRCUITS CONTAINING DYNAMIC COMPONENTS: TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND STEADY-STATE. SINUSOIDAL (AC) GENERATORS. USE THE PHASOR METHOD. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS IN SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE. EQUIVALENT GENERATORS. POWER IN SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE. REACTIVE LOADS. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION.

LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT CIRCUITS IN DYNAMIC CONDITIONS (HOURS LESS. 8; WORKING HOURS 7; HOURS LAB. 5)
CIRCUITS OF THE 1ST AND 2ND ORDER. ZERO INPUT AND ZERO STATE RESPONSE. STATE VARIABLES AND THEIR CONTINUITY. DIRAC STEP AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS. INTEGRAL CONVOLUTION. CALCULATION OF THE IMPULSIVE RESPONSE. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC CIRCUITS.

	Teaching Methods
	THE COURSE INCLUDES CLASSROOM LECTURES AIMED AT PRESENTING THE THEORY AND NUMERICAL EXCERCISES TO STRENGTHEN THE OPERATIONAL SKILLS. THE EXERCISES ASSIGNED TO STUDENTS ARE SOLVED IN CLASS BY THE TEACHER USING THE TECHNIQUES PRESENTED IN THEORY LECTURES. THE EXCERCISES ARE LED BY THE TEACHER TO DEVELOP THE STUDENT'S ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE SOLUTION TECHNIQUES AND PRESENT THE RESULTS IN A CLEAR AND EFFICIENT WAY.

Teaching Methods

THE COURSE INCLUDES CLASSROOM LECTURES AIMED AT PRESENTING THE THEORY AND NUMERICAL EXCERCISES TO STRENGTHEN THE OPERATIONAL SKILLS. THE EXERCISES ASSIGNED TO STUDENTS ARE SOLVED IN CLASS BY THE TEACHER USING THE TECHNIQUES PRESENTED IN THEORY LECTURES. THE EXCERCISES ARE LED BY THE TEACHER TO DEVELOP THE STUDENT'S ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE SOLUTION TECHNIQUES AND PRESENT THE RESULTS IN A CLEAR AND EFFICIENT WAY.

	Verification of learning
	THE EXAM INCLUDES A WRITTEN AND ORAL TEST. TO ACCESS THE ORAL EXAM, YOU MUST PASS THE WRITTEN TEST WITH A MINIMUM GRADE OF 18/30. DURING THE COURSE, PARTIAL WRITTEN EXONERATIVE TESTS ARE SCHEDULED. THE WRITTEN TEST IS AIMED AT EVALUATING THE OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES IN STUDYING CIRCUITS IN STATIC AND SINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS. IT INCLUDES TWO EXERCISES TO BE SOLVED IN 90 MINUTES CONCERNING A CIRCUIT IN A DC STEADY STATE (NORMALLY A TWO-PORT) AND A CIRCUIT IN THE SINUSOIDAL REGIME. THE PROPOSED QUESTIONS CONCERN THE CALCULATION: A) OF THE CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF THE TWO-PORTS WITH CONTROLLED GENERATORS; B) THE PARAMETERS OF EQUIVALENT GENERATORS (THEVENIN, NORTON); C) OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN CIRCUITS IN SINUSOIDAL REGIME WITH THE PHASOR METHOD; POWER AND ENERGY. - THE ORAL EXAM, IN WHICH THE STUDY OF CIRCUITS CAN BE REQUESTED, AIMS AT EVALUATING THE LEVEL OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE, THE AUTONOMY IN THE ANALYSIS AND JUDGMENT, AS WELL AS THE STUDENT'S EXPOSITORY SKILLS. IN PARTICULAR, QUESTIONS ARE PROPOSED ON THE PRINCIPLES DERIVING FROM THE LINEARITY OF CIRCUITS, ON THE CONSERVATION OF POWER AND ENERGY, ON THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENTS OF THE FIRST ORDER. THE EVALUATION OF THE TESTS TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE METHODS TO ANALYZE LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT CIRCUITS, THE ABILITY TO EXPOSE CLEARLY AND CONCISELY THE OBJECTIVES, THE PROCEDURE AND THE RESULTS OF THE ELABORATIONS CARRIED OUT, AS WELL AS THE ABILITY TO DEEPEN THE TOPICS PROCESSED USING MATERIALS OTHER THAN THOSE PROPOSED. THE MINIMUM LEVEL OF EVALUATION (18/30) IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE STUDENT DEMONSTRATES UNCERTAINTIES IN THE APPLICATION OF THE SOLUTION METHODS OF THE PROPOSED CIRCUITS, HAS LIMITED KNOWLEDGE OF THE MAIN PROPERTIES OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS AND LOW EXPOSITORY CAPACITY. THE MAXIMUM LEVEL (30/30) IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE STUDENT DEMONSTRATES A COMPLETE AND THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF THE METHODS AND IS ABLE TO SOLVE THE PROPOSED PROBLEMS BY IDENTIFYING THE MOST APPROPRIATE METHODS TO ANALYZE THE CIRCUITS AND SHOWS A REMARKABLE ABILITY TO CONNECT AND EXPOSE THE PROPERTIES OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS. THE FINAL GRADE, RANGING FROM 18/30 (MINIMUM) TO 30/30 + LAUDE (MAXIMUM) IS OBTAINED AS THE AVERAGE OF THE TWO TESTS. THE LAUDE IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE CANDIDATE SHOWS A SIGNIFICANT MASTERY OF THE THEORETICAL AND OPERATIONAL CONTENTS AND SHOWS THE ABILITY TO PRESENT THE TOPICS WITH REMARKABLE PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE AND AUTONOMOUS PROCESSING CAPACITY EVEN IN CONTEXTS DIFFERENT FROM THOSE PROPOSED BY THE TEACHER.

Verification of learning

THE EXAM INCLUDES A WRITTEN AND ORAL TEST. TO ACCESS THE ORAL EXAM, YOU MUST PASS THE WRITTEN TEST WITH A MINIMUM GRADE OF 18/30. DURING THE COURSE, PARTIAL WRITTEN EXONERATIVE TESTS ARE SCHEDULED.

THE WRITTEN TEST IS AIMED AT EVALUATING THE OPERATIONAL CAPABILITIES IN STUDYING CIRCUITS IN STATIC AND SINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS. IT INCLUDES TWO EXERCISES TO BE SOLVED IN 90 MINUTES CONCERNING A CIRCUIT IN A DC STEADY STATE (NORMALLY A TWO-PORT) AND A CIRCUIT IN THE SINUSOIDAL REGIME. THE PROPOSED QUESTIONS CONCERN THE CALCULATION: A) OF THE CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF THE TWO-PORTS WITH CONTROLLED GENERATORS; B) THE PARAMETERS OF EQUIVALENT GENERATORS (THEVENIN, NORTON); C) OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN CIRCUITS IN SINUSOIDAL REGIME WITH THE PHASOR METHOD; POWER AND ENERGY.
- THE ORAL EXAM, IN WHICH THE STUDY OF CIRCUITS CAN BE REQUESTED, AIMS AT EVALUATING THE LEVEL OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE, THE AUTONOMY IN THE ANALYSIS AND JUDGMENT, AS WELL AS THE STUDENT'S EXPOSITORY SKILLS. IN PARTICULAR, QUESTIONS ARE PROPOSED ON THE PRINCIPLES DERIVING FROM THE LINEARITY OF CIRCUITS, ON THE CONSERVATION OF POWER AND ENERGY, ON THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENTS OF THE FIRST ORDER.

THE EVALUATION OF THE TESTS TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE METHODS TO ANALYZE LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT CIRCUITS, THE ABILITY TO EXPOSE CLEARLY AND CONCISELY THE OBJECTIVES, THE PROCEDURE AND THE RESULTS OF THE ELABORATIONS CARRIED OUT, AS WELL AS THE ABILITY TO DEEPEN THE TOPICS PROCESSED USING MATERIALS OTHER THAN THOSE PROPOSED.

THE MINIMUM LEVEL OF EVALUATION (18/30) IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE STUDENT DEMONSTRATES UNCERTAINTIES IN THE APPLICATION OF THE SOLUTION METHODS OF THE PROPOSED CIRCUITS, HAS LIMITED KNOWLEDGE OF THE MAIN PROPERTIES OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS AND LOW EXPOSITORY CAPACITY.
THE MAXIMUM LEVEL (30/30) IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE STUDENT DEMONSTRATES A COMPLETE AND THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF THE METHODS AND IS ABLE TO SOLVE THE PROPOSED PROBLEMS BY IDENTIFYING THE MOST APPROPRIATE METHODS TO ANALYZE THE CIRCUITS AND SHOWS A REMARKABLE ABILITY TO CONNECT AND EXPOSE THE PROPERTIES OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS.
THE FINAL GRADE, RANGING FROM 18/30 (MINIMUM) TO 30/30 + LAUDE (MAXIMUM) IS OBTAINED AS THE AVERAGE OF THE TWO TESTS.
THE LAUDE IS ATTRIBUTED WHEN THE CANDIDATE SHOWS A SIGNIFICANT MASTERY OF THE THEORETICAL AND OPERATIONAL CONTENTS AND SHOWS THE ABILITY TO PRESENT THE TOPICS WITH REMARKABLE PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE AND AUTONOMOUS PROCESSING CAPACITY EVEN IN CONTEXTS DIFFERENT FROM THOSE PROPOSED BY THE TEACHER.

	Texts
	- C.K. ALEXANDER, M.N.O. SADIKU: FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS, MCGRAW HILL - M. DE MAGISTRIS, G. MIANO, CIRCUITI, SPRINGER, MILANO - M. REPETTO, S. LEVA ELETTROTECNICA, CITTA' STUDI EDIZIONI, MILANO - SLIDES AND SUPPORT MATERIALS (IN ITALIAN) AVAILABLE ON THE WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.ELETTROTECNICA.UNISA.IT - ELEARNIG.DIEM.UNISA.IT

	More Information
	- OFFICE HOURS FOR STUDENTS DURING FIRST SEMESTER (LAB. T16 GROUND FLOOR FACULTY OF ENGINEERING): TO BE DEFINED AFTER THE PUBLICATION OF THE COURSE WEEKLY SCHEDULE. THE COURSE'S LANGUAGE IS ITALIAN

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Vincenzo TUCCI | ELECTROTECHNICS