2. Professors
  3. FIANI Margherita
  4. Teaching

Topography

Margherita FIANI Topography

0612100034
DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA CIVILE
EQF6
BSC DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
2016/2017

YEAR OF COURSE 3
YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2012
PRIMO SEMESTRE
CFUHOURSACTIVITY
660LESSONS
MARGHERITA FIANI T Curriculum
Objectives
AFTER ATTENDING THE COURSE, AND AFTER HAVING SUCCESSFULLY PASSED THE FINAL TEST, THE STUDENT HAS BASIC KNOWLEDGE ON MATTERS OF GEODESY, REFERENCE SYSTEMS AND COORDINATES. HE ACQUIRED THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASES FOR THE USE OF TOPOGRAPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, BOTH IN MEASURING ANGLES, DISTANCES AND HEIGHT DIFFERENCES, BOTH FOR THE ADOPTION OF SATELLITE PRECISE POSITIONING TECHNIQUES. HE KNOWS THE STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF TOPOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS, MADE IN CONTEXTS OF SIMPLE NETWORK MEASUREMENTS. HE KNOWS, MOREOVER, THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY OF CARTOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS, IN ORDER TO USE MAPS AT DIFFERENT SCALES.
Prerequisites
IN ORDER TO SUCCESSFULLY ATTEND THE COURSE, THE STUDENT SHOULD POSSESS BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS, GEOMETRY AND ALGEBRA, AS WELL AS PHYSICAL (TRIGONOMETRY, CALCULUS OF DERIVATIVES, SERIES EXPANSIONS, SIMPLE NOTIONS OF MATRIX CALCULUS, CONSERVATIVE FORCE, THE POTENTIAL OF THE FORCE, ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES).
Contents
INTRODUCTION:
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEY. DEFINITIONS. MEASUREMENT AND THEIR UNITS. PRECISION AND ACCURACY IN SURVEYING.
GEODESY:
SHAPE OF THE EARTH. EARTH GRAVITY FIELD. EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES. GEOID. DEFINITION OF HEIGHT. REFERENCE ELLIPSOID. GEOID UNDULATIONS. COORDINATE SYSTEMS: NATURAL, GEOCENTRIC, ELLIPSOIDAL. GEOMETRY OF THE ELLIPSOID OF ROTATION. NORMAL SECTIONS. PRINCIPAL CURVATURES. GEODESIC. REFERENCE SURFACES USED TO APPROXIMATE THE ELLIPSOID. GEODETIC NETWORKS AND DATUMS. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DATUM. DATUMS USED IN ITALY. GEODETIC, ASTRONOMICAL, CARTESIAN GEOCENTRIC, CARTESIAN LOCAL COORDINATES. COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS. TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN DATUMS. PRACTICAL GEODETIC PROBLEMS.
THEORY OF ERRORS AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF OBSERVATIONS:
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS: GROSS, SYSTEMATIC AND RANDOM. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS. NORMAL (GAUSSIAN) DISTRIBUTION. ESTIMATION OF CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF A DISTRIBUTION. CONFIDENCE INTERVALS. STANDARDIZED VARIABLES. TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES. COVARIANCE AND CORRELATION COEFFICIENT. PROPAGATION OF VARIANCE-COVARIANCE. APPLICATIONS TO SURVEYING PROBLEMS. METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES. ADJUSTMENT WITH THE METHOD OF INDIRECT OBSERVATIONS.
CARTOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS:
THE PROBLEM OF MAP PROJECTIONS. DEFORMATION MODULES. ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO MAP PROJECTIONS. CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTIONS. CONFORMAL PROJECTIONS. THE CONFORMAL GAUSS MAP AND ITS GEODETIC USE. CONTRACTED COORDINATES AND MODULES EXPRESSIONS. THE ITALIAN OFFICIAL CARTOGRAPHY. COORDINATES MEASUREMENT ON THE MAP OF ITALY AT THE SCALE OF 1:25000. THE UTM-UPS MAPPING SYSTEM.
SURVEYING:
NATIONAL GEODETIC NETWORKS: PLANIMETRIC, LEVELING, IGM95 NETWORKS. REFERENCE, THICKENING AND LOCAL NETWORKS. PLANIMETRIC SURVEY, REDUCTION OF DISTANCES TO THE REFERENCE SURFACE. MAIN SURVEYING SCHEMES: TRIANGULATION, INTERSECTION AND RADIATION METHODS, OPEN AND CLOSED TRAVERSES, DETAILED SURVEY. VERTICAL SURVEY: ORTHOMETRIC AND NORMAL HEIGHTS, REFERENCE SURFACES. TRIGONOMETRIC AND GEOMETRIC LEVELING: SCHEME, INSTRUMENTATION, ACCURACY. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF GPS SURVEYING, SESSIONS AND INDEPENDENT BASELINES, BASELINES COMPUTATION, TRANSFORMATION IN THE NATIONAL REFERENCE SYSTEM. DESIGN, PLANNING, MATERIALIZATION, SURVEYING AND ADJUSTMENT OF PLANIMETRIC, LEVELING AND GPS NETWORKS.
INSTRUMENTATION AND OPERATIONAL METHODS:
MEASURE OF ANGLES. THEODOLITES. MAIN COMPONENTS: TELESCOPE, VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL CIRCLES, CIRCLE READING AND OPTICAL MICROMETER, OPTICAL PLUMB. SETTING UP. READING METHOD OF AZIMUTH ANGLES. BESSEL’S METHOD. ZENITH ANGLES. ELECTRONIC THEODOLITES. MEASURE OF DISTANCES. GEODIMETERS: OPERATING PRINCIPLE, FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION, ACCURACY OF A GEODIMETER. TOTAL STATIONS. LEVELING. LEVELS, TYPES OF LEVELS, MAIN COMPONENTS: TELESCOPE, LEVEL PLUMBS, LEVELING SCREWS. BESSEL’S METHOD. INVAR STADIA. GPS: BASIC CONCEPTS, GPS CONSTELLATION AND CONTROL SEGMENT. GPS SIGNAL STRUCTURE. GPS BIASES AND ERRORS. GPS RECEIVERS. WGS84. PSEUDO-RANGE AND CARRIER PHASE MEASUREMENTS. GPS MODERNIZATION. OTHER GNSS SYSTEMS.
Teaching Methods
THE COURSE CONSISTS OF LECTURES, CLASS EXERCISES AND PRACTICAL FIELD MEASUREMENTS.
THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES IS TWOFOLD:
- MAKE THE STUDENT FAMILIAR WITH THE LAND SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS;
- DEVELOP THE STUDENT'S ABILITY TO ADAPT THE SURVEYING SCHEME TO THE REAL CONDITIONS.
Verification of learning
THE EXAM AT THE END OF THE COURSE AIMS TO ASSESS THE ACHIEVEMENT OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES, IN PARTICULAR CONCERNING THE FOLLOWING ASPECTS:
- ELEMENTS OF GEODESY;
- COORDINATE AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS;
- THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS FOR THE USE OF LAND SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS FOR ANGLES, DISTANCES AND HEIGHT DIFFERENCES MEASUREMENTS AND FOR THE USE OF GLOBAL SATELLITES POSITIONING SYSTEMS;
- STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF SIMPLE SURVEY NETWORKS;
- INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY OF MAPPING REPRESENTATIONS, IN ORDER TO KNOW HOW TO USE CARTOGRAPHIC LAYERS AT DIFFERENT SCALES.
THE EXAM CONSISTS OF: A WRITTEN EXAM (NUMERICAL EXERCISE ON A SCHEME SURVEY), A PRACTICAL TEST (READING OF THE COORDINATES OF A POINT ON AN IGM MAP ELEMENT) AND AN ORAL INTERVIEW ON ALL TOPICS COVERED DURING THE COURSE.
Texts
LECTURE NOTES FROM THE COURSE TEACHER. THE EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL PRESENTED IN CLASS WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE TO THE STUDENT IN ELECTRONIC FORMAT VIA INTERNET. USERNAME AND PASSWORD ARE RESERVED FOR STUDENTS ENROLLED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SALERNO.
ADDITIONAL TEXTS:
G. INGHILLERI, L. SOLAINI. TOPOGRAFIA. LEVROTTO & BELLA, 1997.
G. FOLLONI. PRINCIPI DI TOPOGRAFIA – PATRON, 1982
G. BEZOARI, C. MONTI, A. SELVINI. TOPOGRAFIA GENERALE. UTET, MILANO, 2002
B. HOFMANN-WELLENHOF, H. LICHTENEGGER, J. COLLINS. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM: THEORY AND PRACTICE. SPRINGER-VERLAG, 1997.
More Information
INSTRUMENTS EMPLOYED IN SURVEYING AND MAPPING SUCH AS OPTICAL-READING THEODOLITES, ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL LEVELS, ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT, TOTAL STATION AND GEODETIC GPS, WILL BE DESCRIBED AND USED DURING THE COURSE. DESCRIPTION OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTATION AND FIELD ACTIVITIES ARE INTEGRAL PART OF THE COURSE.
OFFICE HOURS: MERCOLEDI' 18:30-189:30, GIOVEDI': 13:30-15:30
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