GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND GENETICS

Cristiana STELLATO GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND GENETICS

1012700007
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, SURGERY AND DENTISTRY "SALERNITANA MEDICAL SCHOOL"
EQF6
NURSING (QUALIFYING FOR PROF. HEALTH CARE OF NURSING) - A.O.U. S.GIOVANNI DI DIO E RUGGI D'ARAGONA - SALERNO
2025/2026

OBBLIGATORIO
YEAR OF COURSE 1
YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2025
SPRING SEMESTER
CFUHOURSACTIVITY
1NOZIONI DI PATOLOGIA GENERALE E GENETICA - MOD. PATOLOGIA GENERALE
224LESSONS
2NOZIONI DI PATOLOGIA GENERALE E GENETICA - MOD. GENETICA MEDICA
112LESSONS
3NOZIONI DI PATOLOGIA GENERALE E GENETICA - MOD. PATOLOGIA CLINICA
112LESSONS
Objectives
AT THE END OF THE COURSE THE STUDENT MUST BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC TRAITS. HE WILL HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF GENETICS ON MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH AND IN THAT OF ADULTS AND THE ELDERLY;
HE MUST BE ABLE TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE ON THE MAIN BLOOD GROUPS, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSION MEDICINE PROCEDURES;
HE MUST BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISEASE THROUGH THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURE OF THE ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS THAT CAN ATTACK THE ORGANISM AND THE MECHANISMS OF THEIR PATHOGENIC ACTION;
AT THE END OF THE COURSE, STUDENTS ARE EXPECTED TO BE ABLE TO APPLY THEIR KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING SKILLS IN ORDER TO DEMONSTRATE A PROFESSIONAL APPROACH TO THEIR WORK, AND TO POSSESS BASIC SKILLS, ADEQUATE BOTH TO DEVISE AND TO SUPPORT ARGUMENTS AND TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN THEIR FIELD OF STUDY.
AT THE END OF THE COURSE, STUDENTS ARE EXPECTED TO HAVE THE ABILITY TO SUPPORT AN INTERDISCIPLINARY REASONING USEFUL FOR DETERMINING AUTONOMOUS JUDGMENTS, INCLUDING REFLECTION ON SOCIAL, SCIENTIFIC OR ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO THEM; USE THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED AND REFER TO IT WHENEVER NECESSARY IN ORDER TO EVALUATE AND APPROPRIATELY JUDGE A PROCESS, SITUATION OR ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF REFERENCE.
AT THE END OF THE COURSE, STUDENTS ARE EXPECTED TO BE ABLE TO PRESENT THE TOPICS IN AN ORGANIZED WAY AND WITH SEMANTIC APPROPRIATENESS AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TOPIC OF DISCUSSION AND AT THE SAME TIME TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE WITH SPECIALISTS AND NON-SPECIALISTS IN A CRITICAL MANNER OF THE TOPICS STUDIED AND TO SUPPORT INTERDISCIPLINARY ARGUMENTS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR INTERLOCUTOR.
BY THE END OF THE COURSE, STUDENTS ARE EXPECTED TO HAVE DEVELOPED THE LEARNING SKILLS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR THEM TO UNDERTAKE FURTHER STUDY WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF AUTONOMY.
DEVELOP AUTONOMOUS LEARNING SKILLS, IDENTIFY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT AND PROVIDE FOR FILLING IN THEIR GAPS.

Prerequisites
ACQUISITION OF CONTENTS CONCERNING THE FOLLOWING DISCIPLINES IS REQUIRED: CHEMISTRY, BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, BIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY.
PREPARATORY FOR THE EXAMINATION OF FUNDAMENTALS OF PHARMACOLOGY AND GENERAL MEDICINE
Contents
GENERAL PATHOLOGY MODULE (2 CFU, 24 H)
DEFINITION OF DISEASE AND MORBID STATE, ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS.
INTRINSIC CAUSES OF DISEASE: GENERAL CONCEPTS
PHYSICAL AGENTS AS CAUSES OF PATHOLOGY: MECHANICAL ENERGY, THERMAL ENERGY, ELECTRICAL ENERGY, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, EXCITING AND IONIZING RADIATION.
CHEMICAL AGENTS AS CAUSES OF PATHOLOGY: DIFFUSE DAMAGE AND SELECTIVE DAMAGE, XENOBIOTICS, POLLUTANTS, FREE RADICALS.
ALTERATIONS OF CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION: HYPERTROPHY, HYPOTROPHY, METAPLASIA, ANAPLASIA.
CELL DEATH: APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS.
INFLAMMATION. ACUTE INFLAMMATION: VASCULAR-HEMOUS PHENOMENA, PHAGOCYTOSIS, EXUDATES, INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS.
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.
FEVER, DEFINITION. THERMOREGULATION.
THE REPAIR PROCESS: TISSUE PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY, STEM CELLS, HEALING OF SKIN WOUNDS, COMPLICATIONS IN WOUND HEALING.
PATHOLOGICAL GROWTH: NORMAL CELL GROWTH, CELL CYCLE, ITS REGULATION AND ALTERATIONS.
TUMORS: DEFINITION, BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS, TUMOR GRADING, STAGING AND TNM SYSTEM, ONCOGENES, HEREDITY, NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION, METASTATISATION,
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.
INNATE IMMUNITY AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND DEVELOPMENT.
PHASES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.
ANTIBODIES. THE STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS.
CLASSES AND SUBCLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS.
ALLERGIES AND HYPERSENSITIVITY.

MEDICAL GENETICS MODULE (1 CFU, 12 H)
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GENES AND HUMAN GENOME.
STRUCTURE, REPLICATION AND FUNCTIONS OF DNA.
TRANSCRIPTION AND MATURATION OF RNAS.
EXONS-INTRON STRUCTURE.
ALTERNATIVE TRANSCRIPTS AND PROTEIN ISOFORMS.
SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS AND GENETIC CODE.
ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN GENOME.
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES.
EUCROMATIN AND HETEROCHROMATIN.
SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOMES.
THE CELL CYCLE.
MITOSIS.
MEIOSIS.
MENDEL'S LAWS.
CLASSICAL MENDELIAN INHERITANCE.
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE INHERITANCE.
X-LINKED INHERITANCE.
MUTATIONS AND POLYMORPHISMS.
SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED MUTATIONS.
CLASSIFICATION OF MUTATIONS.
POINT MUTATIONS.
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS.
NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE.
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE.
EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS: METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION.
DYNAMIC MUTATIONS.
GENETIC IMPRINTING.
THE GENETICS OF CANCER.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY MODULE (1 CFU, 12 H)
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY: FROM LABORATORY MEDICINE REPORT TO DIAGNOSIS.
PARAMETERS FOR THE CHOICE AND INTERPRETATION OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: CONCEPT OF SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, PREDICTIVE VALUE (POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE), ROC CURVE.
NON-PATHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF REFERENCE VALUES: SEX, AGE, RACE, THERAPIES, SMOKING, EXERCISE
FIRST LEVEL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND THEIR CHANGES IN MAIN DISEASE CATEGORIES (INFECTIOUS DISEASES, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, NEOPLASTIC DISEASES):
1. BLOOD COUNT: DESCRIPTION OF THE CELLULAR COMPONENTS, MAIN REFERENCE VALUES, MAIN PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS. BLOOD COUNTS IN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. LEUKOCYTE FORMULA. LEUKOCYTOSIS: MAIN CAUSES AND DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF NEUTROPHILIA, EOSINOPHILIA, BASOPHILIA, MONOCYTOSIS. LEUKOPENIA. DIAGNOSTIC FRAMEWORK OF THROMBOCYTOSIS AND THROMBOCYTOPENIAS SECONDARY TO INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.
2. IRON STUDIES. PROTEINS INVOLVED IN IRON METABOLISM AND THEIR CHANGES IN IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASES.
3. ELECTROPHORETIC PROTIDOGRAM: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROFILE, MAIN PROTEIN COMPONENTS, CHANGES IN MAIN PATHOLOGIES.
4. INFLAMMATION INDICES; ESR. CRP. PROCALCITONIN.
5. BIOMARKERS OF LIVER FUNCTION.
6. BIOMARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY.
7. DIAGNOSTICS OF RENAL FUNCTION. URINALYSIS.
8. BLOOD TYPES.
Teaching Methods
THE COURSE IS CARRIED OUT THROUGH LECTURES. THE COURSE INCLUDES 24 HOURS OF LECTURES FOR THE GENERAL PATHOLOGY MODULE, 12 HOURS FOR THE MEDICAL GENETICS MODULE AND 12 HOURS FOR THE CLINICAL PATHOLOGY MODULE. LECTURES TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE USE OF VIDEO PROJECTION SYSTEMS FOR VIEWING POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS. THE LESSONS WILL INTRODUCE SUBJECTS WITH GRADUAL COMPLEXITY ADEQUATELY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRAINING PATH AND WILL BE SUPPORTED BY TEACHING METHODOLOGIES OF DIFFERENT NATURE BUT ALWAYS PROVIDING THE STUDENT IN THE FOREGROUND, WHO WILL BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED BY INTERVENING WITH PROPOSALS AND QUESTIONS.
ATTENDANCE IS MANDATORY. TO TAKE THE FINAL EXAM, THE STUDENT MUST HAVE ATTENDED AT LEAST 75% OF THE TEACHING HOURS.
Verification of learning
THE ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING BY THE STUDENT IS CARRIED OUT THROUGH AN ORAL EXAMINATION THAT WILL FOCUS ON THE TOPICS OF THE THREE MODULES THAT MAKE UP THE COURSE. TO PASS THE EXAM, THE ORAL VERIFICATION OF ALL THREE MODULES IS REQUIRED. IN CASE OF A NEGATIVE RESULT, THE STUDENT CAN STILL TAKE THE EXAM AGAIN DURING THE SUBSEQUENT APPEALS. THE FINAL EVALUATION WILL TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION THE OUTCOME OF THE ORAL EXAMINATION AND WILL THEREFORE PROVIDE A MARK OUT OF THIRTY.
Texts
-“PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE”, ROBBINS & COTRAN, 9TH EDITION, ELSEVIER.
-“EMERY'S ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL GENETICS”, TURNPENNY AND ELLARD, 14TH EDITION, ELSEVIER.
-NOTES FROM THE LESSONS.
-INTERNET RESOURCES.
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