2. Professors
  3. PIANESE Cesare
  4. Teaching

MODELING OF ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS AND POWERTRAINS

Cesare PIANESE MODELING OF ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS AND POWERTRAINS

0622300005
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
EQF7
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2024/2025



OBBLIGATORIO
YEAR OF COURSE 1
YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2018
SPRING SEMESTER
CFUHOURSACTIVITY
990LESSONS
CESARE PIANESE T Curriculum
PIERPAOLO POLVERINO Curriculum
Objectives
THE OBJECTIVE OF THE MODELLING OF ENERGY AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS COURSE IS TO STUDY AND ANALYSE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS APPLICABLE TO THE STUDY OF FLUID MACHINES, ENERGY AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS. THE COURSE, HELD IN THE II SEMESTER OF THE FIRST YEAR OF THE MASTER’S DEGREE COURSE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, IS OF 9 CREDITS (ECTS).
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDINGS
AT THE END OF THE COURSE, THE STUDENT WILL GAIN KNOWLEDGE ON:
-MAIN ISSUES RELATED TO THE MODELING REPRESENTATION OF THE MAIN PHENOMENA INVOLVED IN FLUID MACHINES, ENERGY AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS;
-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS PRINCIPLES;
-BASICS OF 2D FLOW AROUND A PROFILE;
-INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ICE) AND RELATED APPLICATION ISSUES;
-ICE DESIGN, MANAGEMENT OF THE CONNECTION TO THE LOAD AND ISSUES RELATED TO COMBUSTION, POLLUTANT EMISSIONS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS;
-METHODOLOGIES TO DEVELOP SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MATLAB ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DESIGN AND CONTROL OF FLUID MACHINES AND THERMAL POWER PLANTS, PARTICULARLY BY USING IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES AIMED AT THE BEST COMPROMISE BETWEEN PRECISION AND GENERALIZATION;
-SELECTION CRITERIA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCALE MODELS AND FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE MECHANICAL SIMILARITY LAWS:
-CALCULATION METHODOLOGIES TO BE ADOPTED FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE SIZING BOTH IN STATIONARY AND TRANSIENT OPERATION.
ABILITY TO APPLY THE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
AT THE END OF THE COURSE, THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO:
-APPLY ADVANCED CALCULATION METHODS FOR OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES DESIGN;
-ANALYZE DIFFERENT MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND CHOOSE THE MOST APPROPRIATE MODEL DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC APPLICATION, IN TERMS OF PRECISION, GENERALIZATION AND COMPUTATIONAL TIME;
-ANALYZING PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE DESIGN AND CONTROL OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ORIENTED TO AUTOMOTIVE USES;
-IDENTIFY THE MOST APPROPRIATE METHODS FOR THE QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE DEPENDING ON FINAL APPLICATION;
-DEVELOP MODEL-BASED OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE FOR THE OPTIMAL DESIGN AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR MACHINES AND THERMAL ENGINE SYSTEMS.
AUTONOMY OF JUDGEMENT
CAPABILITY OF IDENTIFYING THE MOST SUITABLE MODELS FOR THE DATA ANALYSIS AND RESOLUTION OF PROBLEMS RELATED TO FLUID MACHINES END ENERGY SYSTEMS.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
CAPABILITY OF PRESENTING THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS SELECTED FOR THE RESOLUTION OF AN ENGINEERING PROBLEM LINKED TO THE TOPICS ADDRESSED IN THE COURSE. THE STUDENT IS CAPABLE OF ILLUSTRATING THE PERFORMED ANALYSIS, THE HYPOTHESIS MADE FOR MODEL SELECTION AND THE ADVANTAGES IN THE USE OF THE MODEL IN AN INDUSTRIAL AND PROFESSIONAL CONTEXT. CAPABILITY OF DESCRIBING THE PROCEDURES AND THE ACHIEVED RESULTS, BOTH IN WRITTEN AND ORAL FORM, WITH A SUITABLE TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY.
LEARNING SKILLS
KNOW HOW TO APPLY THE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE TO CONTEXTS DIFFERENT FROM THOSE PRESENTED DURING THE COURSE, AND TO DEEPEN THE TOPICS DISCUSSED USING MATERIALS OTHER THAN THOSE PROPOSED.
Prerequisites
SUCCESSFUL ACHIEVEMENT OF ALL OBJECTIVES REQUIRES DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF THERMODYNAMICS, APPLIED MECHANICS, FLUID MACHINERY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS AS WELL AS BASICS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING.
Contents
1.LIMIT AND REAL CYCLES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (16 HOURS THEORY; 6 HOURS EXERCISES)
1.1.THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ICE). LIMIT AND REAL CYCLES FOR 4 AND 2 STROKES (SPARK IGNITION AND AD COMPRESSION IGNITION). INTRODUCTION OF THE LIMIT CYCLE AND RELEVANT HYPOTHESES. BASICS OF THERMOCHEMISTRY. PROPERTIES OF MIXTURE OF REAL GASES (UNBURNED, BURNED). MAIN CONCEPTS OF ICE COMBUSTIONS. [1], [6]
1.2.CHEMICAL REACTION FOR A STOICHIOMETRIC COMBUSTION. EQUIVALENCE RATIO. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR A COMBUSTION REACTION. [1]
1.3.ENTHALPY OF FORMATION. HEAT OF REACTION. EFFICIENCY OF COMBUSTION. REACTIONS OF COMBUSTION (CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS, FROZEN MIXTURE). [1], [6]
1.4.THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR A COMBUSTION REACTION. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS AND DEPENDENCE WITH THE TEMPERATURE. ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AT HIGH TEMPERATURE (MIXTURE WITH10 SPECIES) AND LOW TEMPERATURE (MIXTURE WITH 6 SPECIES). [1]
1.5.CHEMICAL KINETICS. MODELS FOR THE GAS COMPOSITION AT LOW (6 SPECIES) AND HIGH TEMPERATURE (10 SPECIE). REAL COMBUSTION. [1], [3]
1.6.MODELS FOR THE SIMULATION OF GAS PROPERTIES AND IMPLEMENTATION WITHIN LIMIT CYCLES AND TWO ZONE APPROACH. [3]
2.INTAKE AND EXHAUST PROCESS FOR ICE (24 HOURS THEORY, 2 HOURS EXERCISES)
2.1.THE VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY FOR 2 AND 4 STROKE ENGINES AND IMPACT OF GEOMETRY. QUASI STATIC AND DYNAMIC EFFECTS. PRESSURE LOSSES IN INTAKE AND EXHAUST PIPES AND IMPACT ON VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY AS FUNCTION OF ENGINE SPEED. [2], [1]
2.2.TRANSIENT PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA IN THE INTAKE AND EXHAUST PIPES: RAM EFFECTS AND PRESSURE WAVES. DESIGN OF INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS. MODELING: WHITE-BOX (1-D PIPES), GREY-BOX (COMBUSTION AND PRESSURE LOSSES). ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND 1-D MODELS. [2], [1]
2.3.TWO STROKE ENGINES AND APPLICATIONS; WORKING PRINCIPLE. INTAKE, SCAVENGING AND EXHAUST PROCESSES TIMING; PORTS GEOMETRY AND VALVES ARRANGEMENT. SCAVENGING AND TRAPPING EFFICIENCY, DELIVERY RATIO. LOW- AND HIGH-PRESSURE CYCLE. CHARGE PRESSURIZING SYSTEMS MACHINES. LAMELLAR AND ROTARY DISK VALVE INTAKE SYSTEMS. [2], [1]
2.4.SUPERCHARGING, TURBOCHARGING AND TURBOCOMPOUND. CONSTANT-PRESSURE AND PULSE TURBOCHARGING, IDEAL E REAL CASES. MASS FROW RATE PARAMETER AND REDUCED SPEED AND MAPS FOR TURBINES E COMPRESSORS. ENGINE-TURBOCHARGING MATCHING. VOLUMETRIC COMPRESSORS AND WAVE-COMPRESSION DEVICE. [2], [1]
3.COMBUSTION IN ENGINES (8 HOURS THEORY)
3.1.PREMIXED AND DIFFUSIVE COMBUSTION PROCESSES. IN-CYLINDER CHARGE MOTION. BASICS OF TURBULENCE AND SPRAY. REACTION RATES FOR LAMINAR AND TURBULENT COMBUSTION. IGNITION AND AUTOIGNITION. HEAT RELEASE RATE IN PREMIXED AND DIFFUSIVE COMBUSTION. [1], [2], [7]
3.2.FUEL INJECTIONS SYSTEMS FOR SPARK IGNITION AND DIESEL ENGINES AND RELEVANT CONTROL ISSUES. [2]
4.EMISSIONS (6 HOURS THEORY)
4.1.INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. ANALYSIS AND MODELS FOR CO, HC, NOX AND SOOT EMISSIONS. EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR SPARK IGNITION AND DIESEL ENGINES . [1], [2], [7]
5..TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW (3 HOURS OF LESSONS)
5.1.TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW ELEMENTS IN TURBOMACHINERY AND RELATED FLUID-DYNAMICS, FLOW AND STREAM FUNCTIONS, PROFILES AND TERMINOLOGY, LIFT AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS, ANGLE OF ATTACK DEPENDENCIES, ELEMENTARY FLOW FIELDS AND SUPERPOSITION, KUTTA-JUKOWSKI THEOREM, EFFECT OF NUMBERS OF REYNOLDS AND MACH, PROFILE ARRAYS, SOLIDITY, ARRAY LIFT, CORRELATION BETWEEN SINGLE PROFILE AND ARRAY. [5]
6.SIMILARITY AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS (3 HOURS OF LESSONS)
6.1.SIMILARITY IN MACHINES, SIMILARITY THEORY, BUCKINGHAM'S THEOREM, COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTIC CURVES, SPECIFIC SPEED, REDUCED PARAMETERS. [5]
7.BASIC MODELLING (8 HOURS OF LESSONS)
7.1.INTRODUCTION TO THE MODELLING APPROACH, MODELS DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURE, CLASSIFICATION, EVALUATION CRITERIA, FORWARD AND INVERSE MODELLING, PARAMETRIC AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS, OPTIMISATION, MODEL LIMITS, PARAMETER ESTIMATION (BLOCK AND RECURSIVE), INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION, MULTIPLE POLYNOMIAL AND LINEAR REGRESSIONS, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF PARAMETERS AND ESTIMATES, ACCURACY AND GENERALIZABILITY ERRORS AS A FUNCTION OF POLYNOMIAL DEGREE, STEPWISE REGRESSION, OPTIMISATION METHODS: CLASSIFICATION, ROUNDING AND TRUNCATION ERRORS, GRADIENT AND HESSIAN, CONSTRAINED OPTIMISATION, LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS , PENALISATION, AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN, NEWTON METHODS, COMPARISON BETWEEN METHODS. [5]
8.APPLICATIONS OF MODELLING (14 HOURS OF PRACTICE)
8.1.INTRODUCTION TO THE USE OF MATLAB, POLYFIT AND POLYVAL FUNCTIONS, INTERP1 AND POLYDER FUNCTIONS, REGRESS FUNCTION, CALCULATION OF UNCERTAINTY AND GENERALIZABILITY ERRORS, DERIVATIVE AND ROOTS OF POLYNOMIALS, NOX POLYNOMIAL MODEL EXERCISE, MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION: OPTIMAL REGRESSION CHOICE, SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION EXAMPLE, NUMERICAL INTEGRATION: USE OF ODE, LOKTA-VOLTERRA EQUATIONS EXAMPLE, OPERATION OF A PUMPING PLANT WITH NUMERICAL INTEGRATION, SEARCH FOR MINIMUMS AND ZEROS: FMINBND, FMINSEARCH AND FMINCON FUNCTIONS, SETTING OF A CONSTRAINED PROBLEM, PARAMETRIC IDENTIFICATION, OPTIMISATION OF A PUMPING PLANT WITH PENALTY FUNCTION AND CONSTRAINED OPTIMISATION, IDEAL JOULE CYCLE CALCULATION AND REPRESENTATION ON PLANE (T,S) WITH TRAPEZOIDAL INTEGRATION, PARAMETRIC IDENTIFICATION WITH NUMERICAL INTEGRATION. [4], [5]

Teaching Methods
TEACHING INCLUDES THEORETICAL LESSONS (60 H), CLASSROOM NUMERICAL EXERCISES (30 H). THE COURSE IS ORGANIZED AS FOLLOWS:
-CLASSROOM LESSONS RELATED TO ALL TOPICS ADDRESSED IN THE COURSE.
-NUMERICAL EXERCISES HELD IN THE “TEACHING AND BASIC COMPUTER SCIENCE” LABORATORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION ENGINEERING AND ELECTRIC AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS. THE NUMERICAL EXERCISES ENTAIL THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS AND ALGORITHMS RELATED TO THE DIFFERENT TOPICS, IMPLEMENTED IN MATLAB-SIMULINK ENVIRONMENT.
Verification of learning
THE SUCCESSFUL ACHIEVEMENT OF COURSE OBJECTIVES WILL BE ASSESSED THROUGH AN EVALUATION EXAM (30 IS THE MAXIMUM MARK). VERIFICATION INVOLVES A WRITTEN NUMERICAL TEST, BY MEANS OF A PC AND WITH THEORETICAL QUESTIONS, BEYOND WHICH THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO TAKE THE ORAL TEST.
THE WRITTEN NUMERICAL TEST, OF AN AVERAGE DURATION OF 2 HOURS, CONSISTS IN SOLVING A PROBLEM OF THE SAME TYPE AS THOSE SOLVED DURING THE CLASSROOM EXERCISE HOURS AND AVAILABLE ON THE TEACHING WEBSITE. THE TEST ALSO INCLUDES 4 THEORETICAL QUESTIONS. THE MARK IS EXPRESSED IN A SCALE FROM A (MAXIMUM MARK) TO D (MINIMUM MARK) FOR THE ADMISSION.
THE ORAL TEST CONSISTS IN A DISCUSSION, LASTING NO MORE THAN ABOUT 40 MINUTES, FOCUSED ON THE EVALUATION OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE, AUTONOMY OF ANALYSIS AND JUDGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS. PARTICULARLY, QUESTIONS ARE FORMULATED WITH RESPECT TO MODELLING OF FLUID MACHINES AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS, OPERATION AND CONTROL OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, TYPE AND REDUCTION METHODS OF EMISSIONS.
THE FINAL MARK GENERALLY COMES FROM THE AVERAGE OF THE TWO TESTS. THE EVALUATION OF THE TESTS TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE CAPABILITIES OF SELECTING THE MOST SUITABLE METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE FLUID-MACHINES AND THE ENERGY & PROPULSION SYSTEMS, EXPRESSING IN A CLEAR AND CONCISE WAY THE OBJECTIVES, THE METHOD AND THE RESULTS OF THE PROCESSING, AS WELL AS DEEPENING THE TOPICS WITH REFERENCES DIFFERENT FROM THOSE SUGGESTED.
THE MINIMUM EVALUATION LEVEL TO PASS THE EXAMINATION (18/30) IS GIVEN TO A STUDENT THAT SHOWS UNCERTAINTIES IN THE CHOICE OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE DATA AND MODELLING OBJECTIVES, PRESENTS A LIMITED KNOWLEDGE ON THE OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF THE STUDIED SYSTEMS AND HAS POOR COMMUNICATION SKILLS.
THE MAXIMUM EVALUATION LEVEL (30/30) IS GIVEN WHEN THE STUDENT PROVES HIS COMPLETE AND WIDE KNOWLEDGE OF MODELS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF THE MACHINES AND HIS COMPETENCE IN USING THE STUDIED METHODOLOGIES AND SOLUTIONS, IN ADDITION TO THE CAPABILITY OF ANALYSING AND SOLVING TECHNO-ENERGETIC PROBLEMS AND SUMMARIZING THE IDENTIFIED SOLUTIONS.
THE MAXIMUM EVALUATION WITH HONOURS (30/30 CUM LAUDE) IS GIVEN WHEN THE STUDENT PROVES AN OUTSTANDING COMPETENCE ON THE THEORETICAL AND OPERATIONAL TOPICS AS WELL AS HIGH COMMUNICATION AND INVESTIGATION SKILLS ALSO IN CONTEXT DIFFERENT FROM THOSE PROPOSED BY THE TEACHER.
Texts
G. RIZZO, SUPPORTI DIDATTICI MULTIMEDIALI AL CORSO DI MACCHINE, CD-ROM, CUES 2001.
R. DELLA VOLPE, M. MIGLIACCIO, MOTORI A COMBUSTIONE INTERNA PER AUTOTRAZIONE, LIGUORI, 1995.
G. FERRARI, MOTORI A COMBUSTIONE INTERNA, IL CAPITELLO, TORINO.
C. R. FERGUSON, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, JOHN WILEY, NEW YORK.
J. B. HEYWOOD, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FUNDAMENTALS, MCGRAW HILL, NEW YORK, 1988.
J. I. RAMOS, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE MODELING, HEMISPHERE P.C., 1989.
A. BECCARI, C. CAPUTO, MOTORI TERMICI VOLUMETRICI, UTET, TORINO.
O. ACTON, C. CAPUTO, INTRODUZIONE ALLO STUDIO DELLE MACCHINE, UTET, TORINO, 1979.
I. ARSIE, M. SORRENTINO, APPUNTI DI MATLAB, ELEARNING.DIMEC.UNISA.IT
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