Oriana MOTTA | CHIMICA E PROPEDEUTICA BIOCHIMICA

cod. ME60100002

CHIMICA E PROPEDEUTICA BIOCHIMICA

	ME60100002
	DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, SURGERY AND DENTISTRY "SALERNITANA MEDICAL SCHOOL"
	EQF7
	MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA
	2025/2026

PERCORSO COMUNE

	OBBLIGATORIO
	YEAR OF COURSE 1
	YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2025
	AUTUMN SEMESTER

TEACHING UNITS

	SSD	CFU	HOURS	ACTIVITY	TYPE OF ACTIVITY
	BIO/10	6	72	LESSONS	BASIC COMPULSORY SUBJECTS

PROFESSORS

	FABRIZIO DAL PIAZ T Curriculum
	ORIANA MOTTA Curriculum

	Objectives
	PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS THAT GOVERN MATTER AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AT THE ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR LEVEL, IN RELATION TO BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. ABILITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. AT THE END OF THE COURSE THE STUDENT MUST BE ABLE TO: - KNOW HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE TYPE OF CHEMICAL BONDS AND PERFORM SIMPLE REACTION BALANCE; - PERFORM SIMPLE BUT FUNDAMENTAL CALCULATIONS ON SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS AND OSMOLARITY: - APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED IN THE FIELD OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF BIOMEDICAL INTEREST. - APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED TO THE PROCESSES THAT GOVERN RESPIRATION, THE MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC EQUILIBRIUM, THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA OF BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS; - KNOW HOW TO WRITE AND RECOGNIZE THE FORMULAS AND CHEMICAL BONDS OF THE MAIN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST; - APPLY KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANISMS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND REACTIONS TO UNDERSTANDING BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND PREDICTING THE REACTIVITY OF BIOMOLECULES ON THE BASIS OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. AT THE END OF THE COURSE THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO: - KNOW HOW TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF MATTER AND INTERPRET MOLECULAR PHENOMENA THAT FIND A CORRESPONDENCE IN LIVING ORGANISMS, WITH PARTICULAR REGARD TO ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA, PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS, GAS LAWS AND SOLUBILITY IN HETEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA, OSMOTIC PHENOMENA AND THE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS; - RECOGNIZE THE MAIN CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS, DESCRIBING THEIR CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIVITY, ALSO IN RELATION TO THE FUNCTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES; - RECOGNIZE THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF MOLECULES OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST, DESCRIBING THEIR STRUCTURES AND BEING ABLE TO INDICATE THEIR FUNCTIONS.

PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS THAT GOVERN MATTER AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AT THE ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR LEVEL, IN RELATION TO BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. ABILITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. AT THE END OF THE COURSE THE STUDENT MUST BE ABLE TO:
- KNOW HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE TYPE OF CHEMICAL BONDS AND PERFORM SIMPLE REACTION BALANCE;
- PERFORM SIMPLE BUT FUNDAMENTAL CALCULATIONS ON SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS AND OSMOLARITY:
- APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED IN THE FIELD OF THERMODYNAMICS TO CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF BIOMEDICAL INTEREST.
- APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED TO THE PROCESSES THAT GOVERN RESPIRATION, THE MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC EQUILIBRIUM, THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA OF BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS;
- KNOW HOW TO WRITE AND RECOGNIZE THE FORMULAS AND CHEMICAL BONDS OF THE MAIN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST;
- APPLY KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANISMS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND REACTIONS TO UNDERSTANDING BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND PREDICTING THE REACTIVITY OF BIOMOLECULES ON THE BASIS OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
AT THE END OF THE COURSE THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO:
- KNOW HOW TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF MATTER AND INTERPRET MOLECULAR PHENOMENA THAT FIND A CORRESPONDENCE IN LIVING ORGANISMS, WITH PARTICULAR REGARD TO ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA, PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS, GAS LAWS AND SOLUBILITY IN HETEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA, OSMOTIC PHENOMENA AND THE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS;
- RECOGNIZE THE MAIN CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS,
DESCRIBING THEIR CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIVITY, ALSO IN RELATION TO THE FUNCTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES;
- RECOGNIZE THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF MOLECULES OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST, DESCRIBING THEIR STRUCTURES AND BEING ABLE TO INDICATE THEIR FUNCTIONS.

	Prerequisites
	SCHOOL-LEVEL KNOWLEDGE OF ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY, MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS IS RECOMMENDED

	Contents
	THE DETAILED PROGRAM OF THE TEACHING IS AS FOLLOWS. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM CONSTITUTION OF MATTER. FUNDAMENTALS OF ATOMIC THEORY. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS, NEUTRONS AND PROTONS. ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER. ATOMIC WEIGHT. ISOTOPES. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE NUCLEUS AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL. ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS: MOLE AND MOLECULE. QUANTUM NUMBERS, ORBITALS, THE PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE AND THE HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE. HUND'S RULE. THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF THE ELEMENTS. RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVITY. RADIOACTIVE DECAY (, , POSITRON, GAMMA, X-RAYS): UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ALSO WITH RESPECT TO THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL TOXICITY, CORRELATIONS OF INTEREST FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS. THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS PERIODIC SYSTEM OF ELEMENTS. PERIODIC PROPERTIES: EXTERNAL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION, ATOMIC VOLUME, IONIZATION POTENTIAL, ELECTRON AFFINITY, ELECTRONEGATIVITY. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS OF PARTICULAR BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE. THE OCTET RULE. CHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR BONDS THE CHEMICAL BOND. BOND ORBITAL. COVALENT BOND: HOMOPOLAR, HETEROPOLAR, DATIVE. BOND WITH DELOCALIZED ELECTRONS. THE IONIC BOND. CONCEPT OF MOLECULE AND POLYATOMIC ION. HYBRIDIZATION OF ORBITALS: SP, SP2, SP3, SD2P3. VSEPR THEORY. MOLECULAR ORBITAL. BOND ANGLE. NOMENCLATURE AND STRUCTURE OF THE MAIN INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF BIOMEDICAL INTEREST. EXAMPLES OF THE STRUCTURE OF BINARY AND TERNARY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, PRACTICE IN WRITING AND RECOGNITION OF STRUCTURAL FORMULAS (OXIDES, ACIDS, BASES, SALTS). IUPAC AND TRADITIONAL NOMENCLATURE. INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS: HYDROGEN BOND, VAN DER WAALS FORCES, ION-DIPOLE BONDS, DIPOLE-DIPOLE BONDS, HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION. STATES OF AGGREGATION OF MATTER THE SOLID STATE: IONIC, MOLECULAR, COVALENT AND METALLIC SOLIDS. THE GAS STATE. ABSOLUTION TEMPERATURE. BOYLE, CHARLES AND GAY LUSSAC LAWS. EQUATION OF STATE OF PERFECT GASES. REAL GASES AND THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION. AVOGADRO'S LAW. THE CONCEPT OF MOLE AND AVOGADRO'S NUMBER. THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. BOLTZMANN'S LAW. GASES AND VAPORS. GAS-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM: VAPOR PRESSURE. THE LIQUID STATE: BOILING, HEAT OF EVAPORATION. PHASE DIAGRAMS: COMPARISON BETWEEN WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE. SURFACE TENSION. RELEVANCE OF STATE CHANGES IN MEDICINE: EVAPORATION OF SWEAT AND THERMOREGULATION. EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION OF THE GAS LAW TO BREATHING. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED. PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS. PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS. DEFINITIONS OF STATE FUNCTIONS. ENTHALPY. EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC TRANSFORMATIONS (CHANGES OF STATE). ENTROPY. GIBBS FREE ENERGY. REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE TRANSFORMATIONS (EXOERGONIC, ENDOERGONIC). FREE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. GENERAL INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHEMICAL REACTIONS: DEFINITIONS. CONSERVATION OF MASS, ENERGY AND ELECTRIC CHARGE. REVERSIBILITY. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS. NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS. PRECIPITATION REACTIONS. OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS. REACTION BALANCE. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED. MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS TYPES OF MIXTURES: HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS (DISPERSIONS, SUSPENSIONS, COLLOIDS, AEROSOLS). TYPES OF SOLUTIONS: GAS SOLUTIONS, LIQUID SOLUTIONS, SOLID SOLUTIONS. SOLUBILITY: WATER AS A SOLVENT. WATER AND IONIC SOLUTES, PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTES. ELECTROLYTES IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS. WATER AND MOLECULAR SOLUTES. SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUIDS: HENRY’S LAW. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS: PERCENTAGES WEIGHT/WEIGHT, WEIGHT/VOLUME, VOLUME/VOLUME. MOLARITY, MOLE FRACTION, NORMALITY. THE CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT IN THE BIOMEDICAL FIELD. CONCENTRATION IN GAS MIXTURES: DALTON'S LAW. AIR AND ITS COMPOSITION, INSPIRED AIR AND EXPIRED AIR. EXAMPLES OF RELEVANT SOLUTIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS DEFINITION OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOLVENT AND SOLUTE. RAOULT'S LAW. LOWERING OF VAPOR PRESSURE. INCREASING OF BOILING TEMPERATURE. LOWERING OF FREEZING TEMPERATURE. IDEAL SOLUTIONS AND REAL SOLUTIONS: VAN'T HOFF CORRECTION FACTOR. TYPES OF MEMBRANES AND PASSAGE OF SOLUTES: DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS AND OSMOLARITY. COMPARISON OF THE OSMOTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS. THE OSMOLARITY OF INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR LIQUIDS. ISOTONIC, HYPERTONIC AND HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED. CHEMICAL KINETICS DEFINITION OF REACTION KINETICS. MULTIPLE-STAGE REACTIONS. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF A REACTION. ORDER OF A REACTION AND MOLECULARITY. ARRHENIUS' LAW AND THE THEORY OF EFFECTIVE COLLISIONS. ACTIVATION ENERGY. TRANSITION STATE THEORY. CATALYSTS: HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS. BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS: ENZYMES. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS. EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT AND LAW OF MASS ACTION. HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. PRINCIPLE OF MOBILE EQUILIBRIUM. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT. MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA. HETEROGENEOUS SOLID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA. SOLUBILITY PRODUCT, COMMON ION EFFECT. RELEVANCE OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED. ACIDS, BASES, SALTS AND PH THE ARRHENIUS THEORY. THE BRONSTED AND LOWRY THEORY. NOTES ON THE LEWIS THEORY. THE AUTOPROTOLYSIS REACTION OF WATER. THE KW. THE CONCEPT OF PH AND POH. DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS, KA AND KB. STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS, PKA AND PKB. PH INDICATORS. CALCULATING THE PH OF A SOLUTION OF A STRONG ACID OR WEAK ACID. POLYPROTIC ACIDS AND POLYPROTIC BASES. RELATIVE STRENGTH OF AN ACID AND A BASE. ACID-BASE REACTIONS. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS. SALTS, SALT HYDROLYSIS, HYDROLYSIS CONSTANT. SOLUBILITY PRODUCT OF THE SALTS OF WEAK ACIDS. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED. BUFFER SOLUTIONS BUFFER SOLUTIONS, EXAMPLES OF BUFFERS OF WEAK ACIDS AND WEAK BASES. THE HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH EQUATION. EFFICIENCY OF A BUFFER SYSTEM. ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS: THE CARBONIC ACID/BICARBONATE BUFFER, THE DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE/HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER, PROTEINS AS BUFFER SYSTEMS. BLOOD PH AND BLOOD BUFFERS. THE IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF BUFFERS IN THE BIOMEDICAL FIELD. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED. OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY THE OXIDATION NUMBER AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS. ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS. DEFINITION OF ANODE AND CATHODE. TYPES OF CONDUCTORS. SEMI-ELEMENTS. STANDARD REDOX POTENTIALS. THE NERNST EQUATION. SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL WORK: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GIBBS FREE ENERGY VARIATION AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REDUCTION POTENTIALS AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT. CONCENTRATION CELLS, ELECTROLYTIC CELLS, FARADAY'S LAWS. IMPORTANCE OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS IN THE BIOMEDICAL FIELD. PROPERTIES OF CARBON AND REACTIVITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PROPERTIES AND HYBRIDIZATION OF CARBON. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. REPRESENTATION OF CARBONIOUS COMPOUNDS. GENERAL RULES OF IUPAC NOMENCLATURE. OXIDATIONS AND REDUCTIONS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS. INDUCTIVE EFFECT: ELECTRON DONOR, ELECTRON WITHDRAWAL. DELOCALIZATION OR MESOMERIC EFFECT. BOND BREAKING: HOMOLYTIC AND HETEROLITIC. CARBOCATIONS AND CARBOANIONS. STABILITY OF CARBOCATIONS. NUCLEOPHILES AND ELECTROPHILIES. ACIDITY AND BASICITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. HYDROCARBONS AND ALKYL HALIDES SATURATED AND UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS. ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANS: IUPAC NOMENCLATURE, PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS. BOND STRENGTH IN CYCLOALKANS. REACTIONS OF ALKANES: OXIDATION, RADICAL SUBSTITUTION. ALKENES: IUPAC NOMENCLATURE, CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MAIN REACTIONS (ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION, STABILITY OF CARBOCATIONS). ELECTRON DELLOCALIZATION AND CONJUGATED DIENES: EFFECT OF RESONANCE IN THE REACTIONS OF CONJUGATED DIENES. CYCLIC AND HETEROCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS. HALOGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS. REACTIONS OF ALKYL HALIDES: NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION WITH SN2 AND SN1 MECHANISM, ELIMINATION REACTIONS WITH E1 AND E2 MECHANISM. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND DERIVATIVES BENZENE, AROMATIC COMPOUNDS AND HUCKEL'S RULE. NOMENCLATURE OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. BENZENE DERIVATIVES. BENZENE REACTIONS: AROMATIC ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. ACTIVATING AND DEACTIVATING EFFECT OF SUBSTITUENTS. TOXICITY OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, THIOLS AND THIOETHERS PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NOMENCLATURE. REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS: DEHYDRATION, OXIDATION NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. ALCOHOL OF BIOMEDICAL RELEVANCE: ETHANOL. AROMATIC ALCOHOLS, PHENOL AND DERIVATIVES; ACIDITY OF PHENOL. ETHERS. THIOLS AND THIOETHERS. EPOXIDES. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NOMENCLATURE OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES. REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: OXIDATION, REDUCTION, NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS. GEM-DIOLS, HEMIACETALS AND HEMIKETALS, ACETALS AND KETALS. PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN IN ALPHA TO CARBONYL. KETO-ENOL TAUTOMERY AND ITS BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE. ALDOL CONDENSATION REACTION. QUINONES AND HYDROQUINONES. AN EXAMPLE OF BIOMEDICAL RELEVANCE: UBIQUINONE.

Contents

THE DETAILED PROGRAM OF THE TEACHING IS AS FOLLOWS.
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
CONSTITUTION OF MATTER. FUNDAMENTALS OF ATOMIC THEORY. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS,
NEUTRONS AND PROTONS. ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER. ATOMIC WEIGHT. ISOTOPES.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE NUCLEUS AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AS A
DIAGNOSTIC TOOL. ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS: MOLE AND MOLECULE. QUANTUM NUMBERS, ORBITALS, THE PAULI
EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE AND THE HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE. HUND'S RULE. THE
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF THE ELEMENTS. RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVITY. RADIOACTIVE DECAY (, , POSITRON, GAMMA, X-RAYS): UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ALSO WITH RESPECT TO THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL
TOXICITY, CORRELATIONS OF INTEREST FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS.
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
PERIODIC SYSTEM OF ELEMENTS. PERIODIC PROPERTIES: EXTERNAL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION,
ATOMIC VOLUME, IONIZATION POTENTIAL, ELECTRON AFFINITY, ELECTRONEGATIVITY. CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS OF PARTICULAR BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE. THE OCTET RULE.
CHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR BONDS
THE CHEMICAL BOND. BOND ORBITAL. COVALENT BOND: HOMOPOLAR, HETEROPOLAR, DATIVE.
BOND WITH DELOCALIZED ELECTRONS. THE IONIC BOND. CONCEPT OF MOLECULE AND POLYATOMIC ION. HYBRIDIZATION OF ORBITALS: SP, SP2, SP3, SD2P3. VSEPR THEORY. MOLECULAR
ORBITAL. BOND ANGLE. NOMENCLATURE AND STRUCTURE OF THE MAIN INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS OF BIOMEDICAL INTEREST. EXAMPLES OF THE STRUCTURE OF BINARY AND TERNARY CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS,
PRACTICE IN WRITING AND RECOGNITION OF STRUCTURAL FORMULAS (OXIDES, ACIDS, BASES,
SALTS). IUPAC AND TRADITIONAL NOMENCLATURE. INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS: HYDROGEN BOND,
VAN DER WAALS FORCES, ION-DIPOLE BONDS, DIPOLE-DIPOLE BONDS, HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION.
STATES OF AGGREGATION OF MATTER
THE SOLID STATE: IONIC, MOLECULAR, COVALENT AND METALLIC SOLIDS. THE GAS STATE.
ABSOLUTION TEMPERATURE. BOYLE, CHARLES AND GAY LUSSAC LAWS. EQUATION OF STATE OF PERFECT GASES. REAL GASES AND THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION. AVOGADRO'S LAW. THE CONCEPT OF
MOLE AND AVOGADRO'S NUMBER. THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. BOLTZMANN'S LAW. GASES AND
VAPORS. GAS-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM: VAPOR PRESSURE. THE LIQUID STATE: BOILING, HEAT OF EVAPORATION. PHASE DIAGRAMS: COMPARISON BETWEEN WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE. SURFACE
TENSION. RELEVANCE OF STATE CHANGES IN MEDICINE: EVAPORATION OF SWEAT AND
THERMOREGULATION. EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION OF THE GAS LAW TO BREATHING. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE
PHENOMENA DESCRIBED.
PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS. PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS. DEFINITIONS OF STATE FUNCTIONS.
ENTHALPY. EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC TRANSFORMATIONS (CHANGES OF STATE). ENTROPY.
GIBBS FREE ENERGY. REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE TRANSFORMATIONS (EXOERGONIC,
ENDOERGONIC). FREE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM.
GENERAL INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS: DEFINITIONS. CONSERVATION OF MASS, ENERGY AND ELECTRIC CHARGE.
REVERSIBILITY. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS. NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS.
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS. OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS. REACTION BALANCE. THE TOPICS
WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA
DESCRIBED.
MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
TYPES OF MIXTURES: HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS (DISPERSIONS, SUSPENSIONS, COLLOIDS, AEROSOLS). TYPES
OF SOLUTIONS: GAS SOLUTIONS, LIQUID SOLUTIONS, SOLID SOLUTIONS. SOLUBILITY: WATER AS A
SOLVENT. WATER AND IONIC SOLUTES, PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTES. ELECTROLYTES IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS.
WATER AND MOLECULAR SOLUTES. SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUIDS: HENRY’S LAW. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
OF THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS: PERCENTAGES WEIGHT/WEIGHT, WEIGHT/VOLUME, VOLUME/VOLUME.
MOLARITY, MOLE FRACTION, NORMALITY. THE CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT IN THE BIOMEDICAL FIELD.
CONCENTRATION IN GAS MIXTURES: DALTON'S LAW. AIR AND ITS COMPOSITION, INSPIRED
AIR AND EXPIRED AIR. EXAMPLES OF RELEVANT SOLUTIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS. THE TOPICS
WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA
DESCRIBED.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
DEFINITION OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SOLVENT AND SOLUTE. RAOULT'S LAW.
LOWERING OF VAPOR PRESSURE. INCREASING OF BOILING TEMPERATURE.
LOWERING OF FREEZING TEMPERATURE. IDEAL SOLUTIONS AND REAL SOLUTIONS: VAN'T HOFF CORRECTION FACTOR. TYPES OF MEMBRANES AND PASSAGE OF SOLUTES: DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS AND
OSMOLARITY. COMPARISON OF THE OSMOTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS. THE OSMOLARITY OF
INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR LIQUIDS. ISOTONIC, HYPERTONIC AND HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS. THE TOPICS
WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA
DESCRIBED.
CHEMICAL KINETICS
DEFINITION OF REACTION KINETICS. MULTIPLE-STAGE REACTIONS. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE
OF A REACTION. ORDER OF A REACTION AND MOLECULARITY. ARRHENIUS' LAW AND THE THEORY OF
EFFECTIVE COLLISIONS. ACTIVATION ENERGY. TRANSITION STATE THEORY. CATALYSTS:
HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS. BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS: ENZYMES.
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS. EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT AND LAW OF MASS ACTION.
HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. PRINCIPLE OF MOBILE EQUILIBRIUM. EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT. MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA. HETEROGENEOUS SOLID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA.
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT, COMMON ION EFFECT. RELEVANCE OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA IN
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP THE
UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED.
ACIDS, BASES, SALTS AND PH
THE ARRHENIUS THEORY. THE BRONSTED AND LOWRY THEORY. NOTES ON THE LEWIS THEORY. THE
AUTOPROTOLYSIS REACTION OF WATER. THE KW. THE CONCEPT OF PH AND POH. DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS, KA AND KB. STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS, PKA AND PKB. PH INDICATORS. CALCULATING THE
PH OF A SOLUTION OF A STRONG ACID OR WEAK ACID. POLYPROTIC ACIDS AND POLYPROTIC BASES.
RELATIVE STRENGTH OF AN ACID AND A BASE. ACID-BASE REACTIONS. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS. SALTS, SALT HYDROLYSIS, HYDROLYSIS CONSTANT. SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
OF THE SALTS OF WEAK ACIDS. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO
HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED.
BUFFER SOLUTIONS
BUFFER SOLUTIONS, EXAMPLES OF BUFFERS OF WEAK ACIDS AND WEAK BASES. THE HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH EQUATION. EFFICIENCY OF A BUFFER SYSTEM. ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS: THE CARBONIC ACID/BICARBONATE BUFFER, THE DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE/HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER, PROTEINS AS BUFFER SYSTEMS. BLOOD PH AND BLOOD BUFFERS. THE IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF BUFFERS IN THE BIOMEDICAL FIELD. THE TOPICS WILL BE DISCUSSED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENA
DESCRIBED.
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
THE OXIDATION NUMBER AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS. ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS.
DEFINITION OF ANODE AND CATHODE. TYPES OF CONDUCTORS. SEMI-ELEMENTS. STANDARD REDOX POTENTIALS. THE NERNST EQUATION. SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL WORK: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
GIBBS FREE ENERGY VARIATION AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
REDUCTION POTENTIALS AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT. CONCENTRATION CELLS, ELECTROLYTIC CELLS, FARADAY'S LAWS. IMPORTANCE OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS IN THE BIOMEDICAL FIELD.
PROPERTIES OF CARBON AND REACTIVITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PROPERTIES AND HYBRIDIZATION OF CARBON. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. REPRESENTATION OF CARBONIOUS
COMPOUNDS. GENERAL RULES OF IUPAC NOMENCLATURE. OXIDATIONS AND REDUCTIONS IN ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY. TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS. INDUCTIVE EFFECT: ELECTRON DONOR, ELECTRON WITHDRAWAL.
DELOCALIZATION OR MESOMERIC EFFECT. BOND BREAKING: HOMOLYTIC AND HETEROLITIC.
CARBOCATIONS AND CARBOANIONS. STABILITY OF CARBOCATIONS. NUCLEOPHILES AND ELECTROPHILIES. ACIDITY AND
BASICITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
HYDROCARBONS AND ALKYL HALIDES
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS. ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANS: IUPAC NOMENCLATURE, PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS. BOND STRENGTH IN CYCLOALKANS. REACTIONS OF ALKANES:
OXIDATION, RADICAL SUBSTITUTION. ALKENES: IUPAC NOMENCLATURE, CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MAIN REACTIONS (ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION, STABILITY OF CARBOCATIONS).
ELECTRON DELLOCALIZATION AND CONJUGATED DIENES: EFFECT OF RESONANCE IN THE REACTIONS OF
CONJUGATED DIENES. CYCLIC AND HETEROCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS. HALOGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS.
REACTIONS OF ALKYL HALIDES: NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION WITH SN2 AND SN1 MECHANISM,
ELIMINATION REACTIONS WITH E1 AND E2 MECHANISM.
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND DERIVATIVES
BENZENE, AROMATIC COMPOUNDS AND HUCKEL'S RULE. NOMENCLATURE OF AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS. BENZENE DERIVATIVES. BENZENE REACTIONS: AROMATIC ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION.
ACTIVATING AND DEACTIVATING EFFECT OF SUBSTITUENTS. TOXICITY OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, THIOLS AND THIOETHERS
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NOMENCLATURE. REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS: DEHYDRATION, OXIDATION
NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. ALCOHOL OF BIOMEDICAL RELEVANCE: ETHANOL. AROMATIC ALCOHOLS, PHENOL AND
DERIVATIVES; ACIDITY OF PHENOL. ETHERS. THIOLS AND THIOETHERS. EPOXIDES.
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NOMENCLATURE OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES. REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES
AND KETONES: OXIDATION, REDUCTION, NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS. GEM-DIOLS,
HEMIACETALS AND HEMIKETALS, ACETALS AND KETALS. PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN IN ALPHA TO CARBONYL.
KETO-ENOL TAUTOMERY AND ITS BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE. ALDOL CONDENSATION REACTION. QUINONES AND HYDROQUINONES. AN EXAMPLE OF BIOMEDICAL RELEVANCE: UBIQUINONE.

	Teaching Methods
	THEORETICAL LESSONS WITH NUMERICAL CALCULATION EXAMPLES ARE PLANNED TO HELP THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHENOMENA DESCRIBED (6 CFU, 75 HOURS OF FRONTAL LESSONS). ATTENDANCE TO THE COURSE IS MANDATORY

	Verification of learning
	NATIONAL EXAMS WILL BE CARRIED OUT ACCORDING TO THE METHODS DEFINED BY THE MUR

	Texts
	ANY COLLEGE LEVEL TEXTBOOK ON GENERAL CHEMISTRY AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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