Oriana MOTTA | C.I. SCIENZE COMPORTAMENTALI E METODOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA II

cod. ME60200006

C.I. SCIENZE COMPORTAMENTALI E METODOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA II

	ME60200006
	DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, SURGERY AND DENTISTRY "SALERNITANA MEDICAL SCHOOL"
	EQF7
	ODONTOIATRIA E PROTESI DENTARIA
	2025/2026

PERCORSO COMUNE

	OBBLIGATORIO
	YEAR OF COURSE 1
	YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2025
	SPRING SEMESTER

TEACHING UNITS

	SSD	CFU	HOURS	ACTIVITY	TYPE OF ACTIVITY
1	C.I. SCIENZE COMPORTAMENTALI E METODOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA II - ODONTOIATRIA PREVENTIVA E DI COMUNITÀ
	MED/28	2	22	LESSONS	COMPULSORY SUBJECTS, CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CLASS
2	C.I. SCIENZE COMPORTAMENTALI E METODOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA II - SOCIOLOGIA GENERALE
	SPS/07	1	11	LESSONS	SUPPLEMENTARY COMPULSORY SUBJECTS
3	C.I. SCIENZE COMPORTAMENTALI E METODOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA II - STATISTICA MEDICA
	MED/01	4	44	LESSONS	BASIC COMPULSORY SUBJECTS
4	C.I. SCIENZE COMPORTAMENTALI E MOTODOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA II - SCIENZE CHIMICHE E TOSSICOLOGICHE
	CHIM/12	1	11	LESSONS	SUPPLEMENTARY COMPULSORY SUBJECTS

PROFESSORS

	MARCO CASAZZA3 T Curriculum
	-21
	ORIANA MOTTA4 Curriculum

	Objectives
	MODULE OF MEDICAL STATISTICS: THE STUDENT WILL ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MAIN TOPICS IN MEDICAL STATISTICS RELEVANT TO THE DEGREE PROGRAM. IN PARTICULAR, THEY WILL LEARN THE FUNDAMENTAL MODELS AND THEOREMS OF MEDICAL STATISTICS, ALONG WITH THE ASSUMPTIONS ON WHICH SUCH MODELS AND THEOREMS ARE BASED, THUS GAINING A CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR LIMITATIONS AND APPLICABILITY IN REAL-WORLD CONTEXTS (KNOWLEDGE AND COMPREHENSION SKILLS). THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO CORRECTLY APPLY STATISTICAL MODELS AND THEOREMS TO THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF REAL CASES, PARTICULARLY IN THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXTS RELEVANT TO THE DEGREE COURSE, BY VERIFYING THE ASSUMPTIONS AND CONDITIONS ON WHICH SUCH MODELS ARE FOUNDED. MOREOVER, THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF THE EXPECTED RESULTS, BOTH IN RELATION TO THE INTRINSIC APPROXIMATIONS OF THE ADOPTED STATISTICAL MODELS AND THEOREMS AND IN RELATION TO MEASUREMENT ERRORS (APPLIED KNOWLEDGE AND COMPREHENSION SKILLS). THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO INTEGRATE THE NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE AND MANAGE THE COMPLEXITY OF INFORMATION IN THE ACQUISITION AND APPLICATION OF MEDICAL STATISTICS KNOWLEDGE, AS WELL AS TO FORMULATE JUDGMENTS AND WORKING HYPOTHESES, EVEN BASED ON LIMITED OR INCOMPLETE INFORMATION, AND TO CONSIDER THE IMPLICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SUCH KNOWLEDGE (INDEPENDENT JUDGMENT). THE STUDENT WILL ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO PRESENT THE TOPICS OF MEDICAL STATISTICS ADDRESSED IN THE COURSE WITH ACCURACY AND SIMPLICITY OF LANGUAGE, AIMED ALSO AT A CLEAR AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION OF THE CONTENT AND RESULTS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXTS, EVEN WHEN DEALING WITH NON-EXPERT AUDIENCES (COMMUNICATION SKILLS). THE STUDENT WILL DEVELOP THE ABILITY TO INDEPENDENTLY EXPAND AND DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF MEDICAL STATISTICS AND ITS INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS (LEARNING SKILLS). MODULE OF PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY: TO DEMONSTRATE THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND BOTH CLASSICAL AND ADVANCED CONCEPTS IN PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY. TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BASICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RELATED METHODS. TO DEVELOP THE ABILITY TO INTEGRATE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE WITH CLINICAL KNOWLEDGE, TO ASSESS ITS COMPLEXITY, AND TO FORMULATE JUDGMENTS BASED ON CORRECTLY INTERPRETED AND EVALUATED INFORMATION. TO ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO DESIGN COMMUNITY DENTISTRY PLANS. MODULE OF SOCIOLOGY: THE COURSE AIMS TO EQUIP STUDENTS WITH THE SKILLS TO READ SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES, DESIGN DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FORMS, AND USE THEM FOR WRITING THEIR OWN SCIENTIFIC OR RESEARCH WORK. MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES THE COURSE AIMS TO PROVIDE A FOUNDATIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE MAIN CHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND TOXICOLOGICAL ISSUES THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE CONSEQUENCES OF POLLUTION IN THE FIELD OF DENTISTRY, THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE REACTIONS OF DENTAL MATERIALS, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ORAL HEALTH. IT IS PART OF THE BROADER OBJECTIVE OF THE DEGREE PROGRAM, WHICH IS TO TRAIN PROFESSIONALS SPECIALIZED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENTAL PROSTHESES, ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES, AND OTHER DEVICES NECESSARY TO ENSURE THE FUNCTIONALITY AND AESTHETICS OF THE ORAL CAVITY, AS WELL AS ASPECTS RELATED TO PATIENT HYGIENE AND SAFETY, BY INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING INTO STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ORAL HEALTH. THE COURSE PROVIDES: - BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS USED IN DENTISTRY, SUCH AS AMALGAMS, COMPOSITES, CERAMICS, CEMENTS, ADHESIVES ETC. - BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR OF PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAT CONSTITUTE PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG AND FINE DUST. - BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE REACTIONS THAT OCCUR BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS AND DENTAL MATERIALS, SALIVA, BACTERIAL PLAQUE OR ORAL TISSUES. - BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ON THE BODY AND ORAL HEALTH - CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC AND/OR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AS DESCRIBED BY REACH AND CLP REGULATIONS THE TEACHING ENABLES THE STUDENT TO ADDRESS ISSUES RELATED TO: - EVALUATION OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF DENTAL MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ON THE BODY, INCLUDING LOCAL EFFECTS IN THE ORAL CAVITY AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS. - THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO POLLUTANTS. - THE PROMOTION OF HYGIENE AND PATIENT SAFETY. THE TEACHING AIMS TO ENABLE THE STUDENT TO KNOW THE SPECIFIC RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND TO UNDERSTAND HOW DENTAL MATERIALS CAN DEGRADE OR RELEASE SUBSTANCES INTO THE ORAL ENVIRONMENT, WITH POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS. IN PARTICULAR, THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY AND MANAGE ALLERGIC OR OTHER ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DENTAL MATERIALS AND POLLUTANTS, SUGGESTING INITIATIVES AND SOLUTIONS TO ENSURE PATIENT SAFETY DURING AND AFTER DENTAL TREATMENTS, AND SELECT BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS TO MINIMISE THE RELEASE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES. THE COURSE WILL ENABLE THE STUDENT TO INTERACT WITH BOTH SPECIALISTS AND NON-SPECIALISTS WITH REGARD TO KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF DENTAL MATERIALS AND POLLUTANTS, BOTH WITH REGARD TO THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND PRACTICAL/APPLICATION PREREQUISITES. THE COURSE WILL PROVIDE THE STUDENT WITH THE NECESSARY SKILLS FOR SELF-DIRECTED AND AUTONOMOUS STUDY, ENABLING HIM/HER TO FIND INDIVIDUAL PATHS TO TACKLE THE COMPLEX AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROBLEMS OF THE TOXICOLOGY OF MATERIALS USED IN DENTISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, BY MEANS OF CONTINUOUS AND CONSTANT UPDATES AS WELL AS THE STUDY OF CONCRETE CASE EXPERIENCES PRESENTED AS “GOOD PRACTICE” TO BE INSPIRED BY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED TOOLS.

MODULE OF MEDICAL STATISTICS:
THE STUDENT WILL ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MAIN TOPICS IN MEDICAL STATISTICS RELEVANT TO THE DEGREE PROGRAM. IN PARTICULAR, THEY WILL LEARN THE FUNDAMENTAL MODELS AND THEOREMS OF MEDICAL STATISTICS, ALONG WITH THE ASSUMPTIONS ON WHICH SUCH MODELS AND THEOREMS ARE BASED, THUS GAINING A CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR LIMITATIONS AND APPLICABILITY IN REAL-WORLD CONTEXTS (KNOWLEDGE AND COMPREHENSION SKILLS).
THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO CORRECTLY APPLY STATISTICAL MODELS AND THEOREMS TO THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF REAL CASES, PARTICULARLY IN THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXTS RELEVANT TO THE DEGREE COURSE, BY VERIFYING THE ASSUMPTIONS AND CONDITIONS ON WHICH SUCH MODELS ARE FOUNDED. MOREOVER, THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF THE EXPECTED RESULTS, BOTH IN RELATION TO THE INTRINSIC APPROXIMATIONS OF THE ADOPTED STATISTICAL MODELS AND THEOREMS AND IN RELATION TO MEASUREMENT ERRORS (APPLIED KNOWLEDGE AND COMPREHENSION SKILLS).
THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO INTEGRATE THE NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE AND MANAGE THE COMPLEXITY OF INFORMATION IN THE ACQUISITION AND APPLICATION OF MEDICAL STATISTICS KNOWLEDGE, AS WELL AS TO FORMULATE JUDGMENTS AND WORKING HYPOTHESES, EVEN BASED ON LIMITED OR INCOMPLETE INFORMATION, AND TO CONSIDER THE IMPLICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SUCH KNOWLEDGE (INDEPENDENT JUDGMENT).
THE STUDENT WILL ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO PRESENT THE TOPICS OF MEDICAL STATISTICS ADDRESSED IN THE COURSE WITH ACCURACY AND SIMPLICITY OF LANGUAGE, AIMED ALSO AT A CLEAR AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION OF THE CONTENT AND RESULTS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXTS, EVEN WHEN DEALING WITH NON-EXPERT AUDIENCES (COMMUNICATION SKILLS).
THE STUDENT WILL DEVELOP THE ABILITY TO INDEPENDENTLY EXPAND AND DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF MEDICAL STATISTICS AND ITS INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS (LEARNING SKILLS).

MODULE OF PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY:
TO DEMONSTRATE THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND BOTH CLASSICAL AND ADVANCED CONCEPTS IN PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY. TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BASICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RELATED METHODS.
TO DEVELOP THE ABILITY TO INTEGRATE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE WITH CLINICAL KNOWLEDGE, TO ASSESS ITS COMPLEXITY, AND TO FORMULATE JUDGMENTS BASED ON CORRECTLY INTERPRETED AND EVALUATED INFORMATION.
TO ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO DESIGN COMMUNITY DENTISTRY PLANS.

MODULE OF SOCIOLOGY:
THE COURSE AIMS TO EQUIP STUDENTS WITH THE SKILLS TO READ SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES, DESIGN DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FORMS, AND USE THEM FOR WRITING THEIR OWN SCIENTIFIC OR RESEARCH WORK.

MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES
THE COURSE AIMS TO PROVIDE A FOUNDATIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE MAIN CHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND TOXICOLOGICAL ISSUES THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE CONSEQUENCES OF POLLUTION IN THE FIELD OF DENTISTRY, THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE REACTIONS OF DENTAL MATERIALS, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ORAL HEALTH.
IT IS PART OF THE BROADER OBJECTIVE OF THE DEGREE PROGRAM, WHICH IS TO TRAIN PROFESSIONALS SPECIALIZED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENTAL PROSTHESES, ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES, AND OTHER DEVICES NECESSARY TO ENSURE THE FUNCTIONALITY AND AESTHETICS OF THE ORAL CAVITY, AS WELL AS ASPECTS RELATED TO PATIENT HYGIENE AND SAFETY, BY INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING INTO STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ORAL HEALTH.
THE COURSE PROVIDES:
- BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS USED IN DENTISTRY, SUCH AS AMALGAMS, COMPOSITES, CERAMICS, CEMENTS, ADHESIVES ETC.
- BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR OF PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAT CONSTITUTE PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG AND FINE DUST.
- BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE REACTIONS THAT OCCUR BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS AND DENTAL MATERIALS, SALIVA, BACTERIAL PLAQUE OR ORAL TISSUES.
- BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ON THE BODY AND ORAL HEALTH
- CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC AND/OR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AS DESCRIBED BY REACH AND CLP REGULATIONS
THE TEACHING ENABLES THE STUDENT TO ADDRESS ISSUES RELATED TO:
- EVALUATION OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF DENTAL MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ON THE BODY, INCLUDING LOCAL EFFECTS IN THE ORAL CAVITY AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS.
- THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ADVERSE REACTIONS TO POLLUTANTS.
- THE PROMOTION OF HYGIENE AND PATIENT SAFETY.
THE TEACHING AIMS TO ENABLE THE STUDENT TO KNOW THE SPECIFIC RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND TO UNDERSTAND HOW DENTAL MATERIALS CAN DEGRADE OR RELEASE SUBSTANCES INTO THE ORAL ENVIRONMENT, WITH POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS. IN PARTICULAR, THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY AND MANAGE ALLERGIC OR OTHER ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DENTAL MATERIALS AND POLLUTANTS, SUGGESTING INITIATIVES AND SOLUTIONS TO ENSURE PATIENT SAFETY DURING AND AFTER DENTAL TREATMENTS, AND SELECT BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS TO MINIMISE THE RELEASE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES.
THE COURSE WILL ENABLE THE STUDENT TO INTERACT WITH BOTH SPECIALISTS AND NON-SPECIALISTS WITH REGARD TO KNOWLEDGE OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF DENTAL MATERIALS AND POLLUTANTS, BOTH WITH REGARD TO THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND PRACTICAL/APPLICATION PREREQUISITES.
THE COURSE WILL PROVIDE THE STUDENT WITH THE NECESSARY SKILLS FOR SELF-DIRECTED AND AUTONOMOUS STUDY, ENABLING HIM/HER TO FIND INDIVIDUAL PATHS TO TACKLE THE COMPLEX AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROBLEMS OF THE TOXICOLOGY OF MATERIALS USED IN DENTISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, BY MEANS OF CONTINUOUS AND CONSTANT UPDATES AS WELL AS THE STUDY OF CONCRETE CASE EXPERIENCES PRESENTED AS “GOOD PRACTICE” TO BE INSPIRED BY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED TOOLS.

	Prerequisites
	MODULE OF MEDICAL STATISTICS: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS. MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES: KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY. FOR THE MASTER’S DEGREE IN DENTISTRY AND DENTAL PROSTHODONTICS: PREREQUISITES AND RESTRICTIONS AS STATED IN ARTICLE 11 OF THE PUBLISHED ACADEMIC REGULATIONS. MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES: KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY.

Prerequisites

MODULE OF MEDICAL STATISTICS:
BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS.

MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES:
KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY.

FOR THE MASTER’S DEGREE IN DENTISTRY AND DENTAL PROSTHODONTICS:
PREREQUISITES AND RESTRICTIONS AS STATED IN ARTICLE 11 OF THE PUBLISHED ACADEMIC REGULATIONS.

MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES:
KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY.

	Contents
	MODULE OF MEDICAL STATISTICS INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY IN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT. USEFULNESS OF STATISTICAL AND PROBABILISTIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE CLINICAL FIELD. PROBABILITY. BASIC DEFINITIONS (EVENT E; NEGATION OR COMPLEMENT; UNION, INTERSECTION, AND IMPLICATION; INCOMPATIBLE AND NECESSARY EVENTS; PARTITION). PROBABILITY ACCORDING TO PASCAL, PROBABILITY OF THE COMPLEMENTARY EVENT. THEOREM OF TOTAL PROBABILITY (INCOMPATIBLE EVENTS, COMPATIBLE EVENTS, AND COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS). COMPOUND PROBABILITY. DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EVENTS. TREE DIAGRAMS AND PROBABILITY CALCULATION ON TREE DIAGRAMS. INDEPENDENCE (DE MOIVRE) AND COMPOUND PROBABILITY THEOREMS (FOR INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT EVENTS). PROBABILITY ACCORDING TO THE FREQUENTIST DEFINITION. EMPIRICAL LAW OF CHANCE. PROBABILITY ACCORDING TO KOLMOGOROV'S AXIOMATIC APPROACH; PROBABILITY AXIOMS. BAYES’ THEOREM. COMBINATORICS: ARRANGEMENTS, PERMUTATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS. MEASUREMENT THEORY. RANDOM AND DETERMINISTIC VARIABLES. MEASUREMENT AND TRUE VALUE. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT. CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS: PRECISION; ACCURACY; SENSITIVITY; RESOLUTION. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS: CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; DISCRETE DENSITY FUNCTION AND ITS PROPERTIES; CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION AND ITS PROPERTIES; MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION; CHEBYSHEV'S INEQUALITY; DISCRETE, BINOMIAL, HYPERGEOMETRIC, POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS; CONTINUOUS (GAUSSIAN) DISTRIBUTION; PROPERTIES OF THE GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION; STANDARDIZED NORMAL DISTRIBUTION; USE OF TABLES AND RELEVANT MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES; CHI-SQUARE, FISHER’S F, AND STUDENT’S T DISTRIBUTIONS. ERRORS: ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE; MEAN VALUE AND TRUE VALUE; ACCURACY AND PRECISION; DEVIATIONS AND RESIDUALS; MEAN DEVIATION AND PERCENTAGE MEAN DEVIATION; CONFIDENCE LIMITS; VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION; SHAPE INDICES (SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS). CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM. CONFIDENCE INTERVALS. TYPES OF ASSOCIATION (CAUSAL; SPURIOUS; NON-CAUSAL). CRITERIA OF CAUSALITY (CONSISTENCY, STRENGTH, SPECIFICITY, TEMPORALITY, COHERENCE). SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, FALSE POSITIVES AND FALSE NEGATIVES. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUES. ESTIMATION OF SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY. INTRODUCTION TO INFERENTIAL STATISTICS. CONFIDENCE INTERVALS: FOR KNOWN SAMPLE MEAN (LARGE SAMPLES, UNKNOWN VARIANCE AND SMALL SAMPLES; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, KNOWN POPULATION VARIANCES AND LARGE SAMPLE OR UNKNOWN VARIANCES); CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR POPULATION VARIANCE; ESTIMATION OF POPULATION MEAN FOR NON-NORMAL POPULATION (BERNOULLI POPULATION CASE); CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPORTIONS. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: HYPOTHESIS VERIFICATION; TYPES OF ERROR (TYPE I AND TYPE II); SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL AND TEST POWER; P-VALUE. HYPOTHESIS TEST BASED ON MEAN (LARGE N OR GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION WITH KNOWN VARIANCE; SMALL N AND UNKNOWN VARIANCE; TYPICAL VALUES OF CRITICAL VALUE); TEST ON DISTRIBUTION SHAPE (CHI-SQUARE GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST); TEST ON PROPORTION; TEST ON DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS (NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS WITH KNOWN AND UNKNOWN VARIANCES); PAIRED T-TEST; TEST OF EQUALITY BETWEEN PROPORTIONS; CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE AND CONTINGENCY TABLES; DEGREE OF ASSOCIATION; ODDS RATIO AND RISK RATIO AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR ODDS RATIO AND RISK RATIO (SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ASSOCIATION). ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA): GENERAL PRINCIPLES; ANOVA MODEL AND ASSUMPTIONS; HOMOSCEDASTICITY OF RANDOM VARIABLES; BETWEEN-GROUP DEVIANCE AND RESIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN GROUPS; BASIC AND ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR ANOVA; POST HOC COMPARISONS; ORTHOGONAL CONTRASTS AND PROCEDURE; REPEATED MEASURES; DATA MATRIX; MULTI-FACTOR MODEL; CALCULATION WITH 2×2 EXPERIMENT; BETWEEN-GROUP DEVIANCE DECOMPOSITION; CONTRASTS; INTERACTING AND NON-INTERACTING FACTORS (GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION). MODULE OF PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY THE OBJECTIVES AND TOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY; DEFINITIONS AND AIMS OF PUBLIC DENTISTRY; PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY; LEVELS OF PREVENTION; HEALTH EDUCATION. EPIDEMIOLOGY. MEASURES OF FREQUENCY OF HEALTH EVENTS (PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE); MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION (RELATIVE RISK AND ODDS RATIO); EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (DESCRIPTIVE, CROSS-SECTIONAL, CASE-CONTROL, COHORT, EXPERIMENTAL); EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (SAMPLING AND QUESTIONNAIRES); EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN GENETIC DISEASES OF THE ORO-MAXILLOFACIAL REGION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN RARE DISEASES OF THE ORO-MAXILLOFACIAL REGION. INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON: EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY; EMBRYOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF DENTAL TISSUES; DENTO-PERIODONTAL ANATOMY; ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ORAL CAVITY; ANATOMY OF PRIMARY AND PERMANENT TEETH. TOOTH EXFOLIATION AND REPLACEMENT. INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON DENTAL CARIES: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION. INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON PERIODONTAL DISEASE: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION. MODULE OF SOCIOLOGY MEANING AND PHASES OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS, RESEARCH DESIGN, FORMULATION OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES, QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE TOOLS, EXPLANATION, INTERPRETATION. MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES THE TOPICS COVERED AND EXPLORED IN DEPTH WILL BE STRUCTURED AS FOLLOWS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2 HOURS) GENERAL FRAMEWORK AND PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY (2 HOURS) COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS USED IN DENTISTRY (2 HOURS) REACH AND CLP REGULATIONS (3 HOURS) CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC AND/OR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND LABELING (2 HOURS)

Contents

MODULE OF MEDICAL STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY IN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT. USEFULNESS OF STATISTICAL AND PROBABILISTIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE CLINICAL FIELD.
PROBABILITY. BASIC DEFINITIONS (EVENT E; NEGATION OR COMPLEMENT; UNION, INTERSECTION, AND IMPLICATION; INCOMPATIBLE AND NECESSARY EVENTS; PARTITION). PROBABILITY ACCORDING TO PASCAL, PROBABILITY OF THE COMPLEMENTARY EVENT. THEOREM OF TOTAL PROBABILITY (INCOMPATIBLE EVENTS, COMPATIBLE EVENTS, AND COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS). COMPOUND PROBABILITY. DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EVENTS. TREE DIAGRAMS AND PROBABILITY CALCULATION ON TREE DIAGRAMS. INDEPENDENCE (DE MOIVRE) AND COMPOUND PROBABILITY THEOREMS (FOR INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT EVENTS). PROBABILITY ACCORDING TO THE FREQUENTIST DEFINITION. EMPIRICAL LAW OF CHANCE. PROBABILITY ACCORDING TO KOLMOGOROV'S AXIOMATIC APPROACH; PROBABILITY AXIOMS. BAYES’ THEOREM.
COMBINATORICS: ARRANGEMENTS, PERMUTATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS.

MEASUREMENT THEORY. RANDOM AND DETERMINISTIC VARIABLES. MEASUREMENT AND TRUE VALUE. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT. CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS: PRECISION; ACCURACY; SENSITIVITY; RESOLUTION.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS: CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; DISCRETE DENSITY FUNCTION AND ITS PROPERTIES; CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION AND ITS PROPERTIES; MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION; CHEBYSHEV'S INEQUALITY; DISCRETE, BINOMIAL, HYPERGEOMETRIC, POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS; CONTINUOUS (GAUSSIAN) DISTRIBUTION; PROPERTIES OF THE GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION; STANDARDIZED NORMAL DISTRIBUTION; USE OF TABLES AND RELEVANT MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES; CHI-SQUARE, FISHER’S F, AND STUDENT’S T DISTRIBUTIONS.
ERRORS: ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE; MEAN VALUE AND TRUE VALUE; ACCURACY AND PRECISION; DEVIATIONS AND RESIDUALS; MEAN DEVIATION AND PERCENTAGE MEAN DEVIATION; CONFIDENCE LIMITS; VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION; SHAPE INDICES (SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS).

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM. CONFIDENCE INTERVALS. TYPES OF ASSOCIATION (CAUSAL; SPURIOUS; NON-CAUSAL). CRITERIA OF CAUSALITY (CONSISTENCY, STRENGTH, SPECIFICITY, TEMPORALITY, COHERENCE). SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, FALSE POSITIVES AND FALSE NEGATIVES. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUES. ESTIMATION OF SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY.

INTRODUCTION TO INFERENTIAL STATISTICS.
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS: FOR KNOWN SAMPLE MEAN (LARGE SAMPLES, UNKNOWN VARIANCE AND SMALL SAMPLES; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, KNOWN POPULATION VARIANCES AND LARGE SAMPLE OR UNKNOWN VARIANCES); CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR POPULATION VARIANCE; ESTIMATION OF POPULATION MEAN FOR NON-NORMAL POPULATION (BERNOULLI POPULATION CASE); CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPORTIONS.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING: HYPOTHESIS VERIFICATION; TYPES OF ERROR (TYPE I AND TYPE II); SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL AND TEST POWER; P-VALUE. HYPOTHESIS TEST BASED ON MEAN (LARGE N OR GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION WITH KNOWN VARIANCE; SMALL N AND UNKNOWN VARIANCE; TYPICAL VALUES OF CRITICAL VALUE); TEST ON DISTRIBUTION SHAPE (CHI-SQUARE GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST); TEST ON PROPORTION; TEST ON DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS (NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS WITH KNOWN AND UNKNOWN VARIANCES); PAIRED T-TEST; TEST OF EQUALITY BETWEEN PROPORTIONS; CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE AND CONTINGENCY TABLES; DEGREE OF ASSOCIATION; ODDS RATIO AND RISK RATIO AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR ODDS RATIO AND RISK RATIO (SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ASSOCIATION).
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA): GENERAL PRINCIPLES; ANOVA MODEL AND ASSUMPTIONS; HOMOSCEDASTICITY OF RANDOM VARIABLES; BETWEEN-GROUP DEVIANCE AND RESIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN GROUPS; BASIC AND ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR ANOVA; POST HOC COMPARISONS; ORTHOGONAL CONTRASTS AND PROCEDURE; REPEATED MEASURES; DATA MATRIX; MULTI-FACTOR MODEL; CALCULATION WITH 2×2 EXPERIMENT; BETWEEN-GROUP DEVIANCE DECOMPOSITION; CONTRASTS; INTERACTING AND NON-INTERACTING FACTORS (GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION).

MODULE OF PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY
THE OBJECTIVES AND TOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY; DEFINITIONS AND AIMS OF PUBLIC DENTISTRY; PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY; LEVELS OF PREVENTION; HEALTH EDUCATION.
EPIDEMIOLOGY. MEASURES OF FREQUENCY OF HEALTH EVENTS (PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE); MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION (RELATIVE RISK AND ODDS RATIO); EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (DESCRIPTIVE, CROSS-SECTIONAL, CASE-CONTROL, COHORT, EXPERIMENTAL); EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (SAMPLING AND QUESTIONNAIRES); EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN GENETIC DISEASES OF THE ORO-MAXILLOFACIAL REGION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN RARE DISEASES OF THE ORO-MAXILLOFACIAL REGION.
INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON: EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY; EMBRYOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF DENTAL TISSUES; DENTO-PERIODONTAL ANATOMY; ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ORAL CAVITY; ANATOMY OF PRIMARY AND PERMANENT TEETH.
TOOTH EXFOLIATION AND REPLACEMENT.
INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON DENTAL CARIES: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION.
INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON PERIODONTAL DISEASE: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION.

MODULE OF SOCIOLOGY
MEANING AND PHASES OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS, RESEARCH DESIGN, FORMULATION OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES, QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE TOOLS, EXPLANATION, INTERPRETATION.

MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES
THE TOPICS COVERED AND EXPLORED IN DEPTH WILL BE STRUCTURED AS FOLLOWS:
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2 HOURS)
GENERAL FRAMEWORK AND PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY (2 HOURS)
COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS USED IN DENTISTRY (2 HOURS)
REACH AND CLP REGULATIONS (3 HOURS)
CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC AND/OR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND LABELING (2 HOURS)

	Teaching Methods
	CLASSROOM LECTURES

	Verification of learning
	THE EXAM WILL BE AIMED AT ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND VERIFYING THE STUDENT'S UNDERSTANDING OF THE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONTENTS OUTLINED IN THE COURSE SYLLABUS. THE ASSESSMENT METHOD WILL CONSIST OF AN ORAL EXAMINATION, INTENDED TO EVALUATE THE DEPTH OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE VARIOUS TOPICS COVERED. THE FINAL GRADE WILL BE EXPRESSED ON A SCALE OF THIRTY (OUT OF 30), WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF AWARDING HONORS ("CUM LAUDE"). THE FINAL SCORE WILL RANGE FROM 18 TO 30 AND WILL TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN EACH OF THE MODULES COMPRISING THE EXAM. THE EXAM WILL BE CONSIDERED PASSED ONLY IF EACH INDIVIDUAL MODULE IS PASSED WITH AT LEAST THE MINIMUM REQUIRED SCORE. THE MINIMUM GRADE (18) WILL BE ASSIGNED IN THE CASE OF AN ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENTIRE SYLLABUS AND ANSWERS TO EXAM QUESTIONS THAT ARE COMPLETE AND CONSISTENT. THE MAXIMUM GRADE (30) WILL BE AWARDED IN THE CASE OF A THOROUGH AND PRECISE PRESENTATION DEMONSTRATING AN EXCELLENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE COURSE CONTENT. THE EXAM WILL LAST 20 MINUTES. THE PURPOSE OF THE EXAM IS TO EVALUATE THE STUDENT’S ABILITY TO GRASP THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES, AS WELL AS THEIR COMMUNICATION SKILLS, INCLUDING THE APPROPRIATE USE OF LANGUAGE AND INDEPENDENT ORGANIZATION OF THE THEORETICAL CONTENT. THE GRADE, EXPRESSED ON A SCALE OF THIRTY (WITH POSSIBLE HONORS), WILL REFLECT THE LEVEL OF MATURITY DEMONSTRATED IN MASTERING THE CONTENTS OF THE INTEGRATED COURSE. FOR THE AWARDING OF HONORS, THE QUALITY OF THE STUDENT’S PRESENTATION—IN TERMS OF THE USE OF APPROPRIATE SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE AND THE AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT—WILL BE CONSIDERED COLLECTIVELY.

Verification of learning

THE EXAM WILL BE AIMED AT ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND VERIFYING THE STUDENT'S UNDERSTANDING OF THE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONTENTS OUTLINED IN THE COURSE SYLLABUS.

THE ASSESSMENT METHOD WILL CONSIST OF AN ORAL EXAMINATION, INTENDED TO EVALUATE THE DEPTH OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE VARIOUS TOPICS COVERED.

THE FINAL GRADE WILL BE EXPRESSED ON A SCALE OF THIRTY (OUT OF 30), WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF AWARDING HONORS ("CUM LAUDE"). THE FINAL SCORE WILL RANGE FROM 18 TO 30 AND WILL TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE RESULTS ACHIEVED IN EACH OF THE MODULES COMPRISING THE EXAM.
THE EXAM WILL BE CONSIDERED PASSED ONLY IF EACH INDIVIDUAL MODULE IS PASSED WITH AT LEAST THE MINIMUM REQUIRED SCORE.

THE MINIMUM GRADE (18) WILL BE ASSIGNED IN THE CASE OF AN ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENTIRE SYLLABUS AND ANSWERS TO EXAM QUESTIONS THAT ARE COMPLETE AND CONSISTENT.

THE MAXIMUM GRADE (30) WILL BE AWARDED IN THE CASE OF A THOROUGH AND PRECISE PRESENTATION DEMONSTRATING AN EXCELLENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE COURSE CONTENT.

THE EXAM WILL LAST 20 MINUTES.

THE PURPOSE OF THE EXAM IS TO EVALUATE THE STUDENT’S ABILITY TO GRASP THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES, AS WELL AS THEIR COMMUNICATION SKILLS, INCLUDING THE APPROPRIATE USE OF LANGUAGE AND INDEPENDENT ORGANIZATION OF THE THEORETICAL CONTENT.
THE GRADE, EXPRESSED ON A SCALE OF THIRTY (WITH POSSIBLE HONORS), WILL REFLECT THE LEVEL OF MATURITY DEMONSTRATED IN MASTERING THE CONTENTS OF THE INTEGRATED COURSE.
FOR THE AWARDING OF HONORS, THE QUALITY OF THE STUDENT’S PRESENTATION—IN TERMS OF THE USE OF APPROPRIATE SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE AND THE AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT—WILL BE CONSIDERED COLLECTIVELY.

	Texts
	MEDICAL STATISTICS MICHAEL C. WHITLOCK DOLPH SCHLUTER, 2022. ANALISI STATISTICA DEI DATI BIOLOGICI. SECONDA EDIZIONE ITALIANA CONDOTTA SULLA TERZA EDIZIONE AMERICANA. ZANICHELLI MODULE OF PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY: "ODONTOIATRIA DI COMUNITA". STROHMENGER L., FERRO R. MASSON 2003 MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES: COLIN BAIRD - MICHAEL CANN “CHIMICA AMBIENTALE” ED. ZANICHELLI CRISTINA MARZANO - CLAUDIO MEDANA “CHIMICA TOSSICOLOGICA” ED. PICCIN ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AND HANDOUTS SPECIFIC TO EACH MODULE MAY BE PROVIDED BY EACH TEACHER OF THE COURSE

Texts

MEDICAL STATISTICS
MICHAEL C. WHITLOCK DOLPH SCHLUTER, 2022. ANALISI STATISTICA DEI DATI BIOLOGICI. SECONDA EDIZIONE ITALIANA CONDOTTA SULLA TERZA EDIZIONE AMERICANA. ZANICHELLI

MODULE OF PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY:
"ODONTOIATRIA DI COMUNITA". STROHMENGER L., FERRO R. MASSON 2003

MODULE OF CHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES:
COLIN BAIRD - MICHAEL CANN “CHIMICA AMBIENTALE” ED. ZANICHELLI
CRISTINA MARZANO - CLAUDIO MEDANA “CHIMICA TOSSICOLOGICA” ED. PICCIN

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AND HANDOUTS SPECIFIC TO EACH MODULE MAY BE PROVIDED BY EACH TEACHER OF THE COURSE

	More Information
	FOR MORE DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE SYLLABUS, ANNOUNCEMENTS, AND COMMUNICATIONS, PLEASE REFER TO THE INDIVIDUAL INSTRUCTORS’ WEB PAGES. FOR GENERAL INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT PROF. MARCO CASAZZA (MCASAZZA@UNISA.IT).

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